Ntọala nke mmadụ niime ụlọnga: Ọdịdị, ọrụ na mbido

The cell ntọala - bụ a dị mkpa Ọdịdị nke ọ bụla nke eukaryotic organism. Nke a organelle ịrụ a dịgasị iche iche nke ọrụ, ma ya isi nzube - bụ nchekwa na nnyefe nke butere n'aka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe onwunwe.

Fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụla cell n'ime ahụ mmadụ nwere a isi. The naanị wezụga bụ platelet na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mononuclear mkpụrụ ndụ, ma, n'ihi na ihe atụ, muscle emep uta eri na akwara ozi nwere ọtụtụ ndị a organelles. Ntọala na cell nwere ike a dị iche iche size - nnukwu nuclear Ọdịdị na nne egg.

Cell ntọala: Ọdịdị

The kernel nwere a kama mgbagwoju Ọdịdị na mejupụtara ndị nuclear envelopu, chromatin, nucleolus na nucleoplasm. Ka anyị lee anya na onye ọ bụla so na ihe zuru ezu.

• Karioteka ma ọ bụ nuclear akpụkpọ - Ọdịdị na-ekewa ndị esịtidem gburugburu ebe obibi nke ntọala si cytoplasm. Gụnyere a shei nke elu na ime membranes, n'etiti bụ nke a na-akpọ ndị perinuclear ohere. -Akpali mmasị, na elu akpụkpọ ahụ n'ọbọ-aga kpọmkwem n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke granular endoplasmic reticulum, otú ESR oghere ma isi tankị interconnected. A shei nwere nuclear pores, mechiri emechi aperture. Ha na-e maka penetration nke nnukwu ụmụ irighiri ihe, nakwa dị ka mgbanwe nke bekee n'etiti karyoplasm na cytoplasm.
• Karyoplasm - homogeneous ihe jupụtara n'ime n'ime oghere nke ntọala. O nwere ihe nucleolus na chromatin.
• Chromatin - cell nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe onwunwe. Ya bughi unit bụ a nucleosome nke bụ a DNA Strand ọnya na kpọmkwem protein - histone. Na cell, e nwere ihe abụọ na-ekwu, nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe onwunwe. Heterochromatin a na-anọchite anya a obere, na ok nsogbu dị iche iche osmophilic. Euchromatin ma ọ bụ tọpụ chromatin - bụ ebe ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike eruba sịntetik Filiks. N'oge cell nkewa na chromatin condenses na-etolite chromosomes.
• Nucleolus - obere oval Ọdịdị na mejupụtara nke na-adị RNA na protein ụmụ irighiri. Ọ bụ ebe a na guzobe nke ribosome subunits. The isi nwere ike ịbụ otu ma ọ bụ multiple nucleoli, ma ha nwere ike hụrụ naanị na ndị na-abụghị nkerisi sel.

Cell ntọala: Function

Ndị ọrụ nke cell ntọala nwere ike kpebisie site n'ịgụ Ọdịdị. Akpa, kernel bụ maka na nnyefe nke butere n'aka ọmụma ka n'oge cell nkewa, ma mitosis na meiosis. N'oge mitosis, nwa-nwayi mkpụrụ ndụ na-enweta ihe site n'usoro, nke bụ yiri ka ndị nne na nna cell. N'oge meiosis (guzobe mmekọahụ mkpụrụ ndụ nke mmadụ), onye ọ bụla cell na-enweta nanị ọkara nke chromosomes - a zuru ezu set nke chromosomes a kpụrụ nanị mgbe mmakọ na mmekọahụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ na-ntule.

Ke adianade do, bụ isi nke cell bụ maka otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa nkebi nke metabolism - protein njikọ. The eziokwu na ọ na-emepụta na isi nke ihe ọmụma, ma ọ bụ ozi RNA. Mgbe ahụ ọ na-aga n'ime endoplasmic reticulum, bụ mmasị na ribosome na-eje ozi dị ka a nlereanya nke e guzobere peptide molekul nke amino acid usoro.

Na dị ka ọ na-e kwuru, na isi nke njikọ nke ribosomal subunits.

Cell ntọala: si malite

Iji ụbọchị, e nwere ọtụtụ ndị dị nnọọ iche hypotheses, na nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-agbalị ịkọwa otú isi e guzobere cell. Ma, dị mwute ikwu, ọ dịghị onye n'ime ndị a boro bụghị ma chọpụtara kpọmkwem nkwenye.

E nwere a nchepụta nke na ntọala dị ka a cell Ọdịdị guzobere n'ihi nke symbiosis nke na nje na mkpụrụ ndụ na archaea. Ndị ọzọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kweere na isi - bụ n'ihi ọrịa nke cell-kpọmkwem virus.

The kasị zuru ezu nkọwa nwere a na-akpọ ekzomembrannaya amụma. Dị ka ya, na N'ezie evolushọn na cell e nwere onye ọzọ elu cell akpụkpọ ahụ. Na nke a, ihe ochie, dị n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ aghọwo a isi shei - karịrị oge ya kere a mgbagwoju usoro, na mgbe ya oghere malitere uche chromatin molekul.