Creation nke "ntọhapụ nke oru": akụkọ ihe mere eme, atụmatụ na-eme. otu "inwere onwe nke Labor" usoro

Mgbe mgbu mmadu nke Alexander II, nke na-adịghị ada ka mbibi nke ọchịchị ndị eze, ndị chọrọ iweta mgbanwe kpebiri iji nyochaa ụkpụrụ nke ha na-alụ megide tsarist ọchịchị. "Inwere onwe nke Labor" - Na 1883, mbụ Russian Marxist nzukọ e guzobere Switzerland. The otu gụnyere ndị so 'Narodnaya Volya "na" redistribution ".

alụmdi

-Akpali mmasị, e kere eke nke "ntọhapụ nke oru" e butere nnọọ mmadụ ise: Georgiem Plehanovym, Vasiliem Ignatovym, Vera Zasulich, Lvom Deychem na Pavlom Akselrodom. Ha bụ nanị ihe ndị na-na nzukọ, ma e wezụga n'ihi acceding na 1888 Sergei Ingerman.

N'ihi na ọdịda nke revolutionary populists malitere ịchọ a ozizi ọhụrụ, nke nwere ike ibu ihe ndabere maka ha na-eme. Plekhanov dabara maara Western European socialism. Creation nke "ntọhapụ nke oru" meworo kemgbe doo nke ndị ndú nke Russian revolutionary ije nke Marxist echiche dị na ọrụ nke Karla Marksa na Fridriha Engelsa. The otu emenịm onwe ya dị mkpa ọrụ - ịsụgharị n'ime Russian akwụkwọ nke asụsụ theorists. Na otu populism ọ bụ n'elu.

omume

Echiche na-akwalite otu nke Plekhanov, abụghị ihe ọhụrụ. Russian socialists ha mụta ha si mba ọzọ na isi mmalite. usoro ihe omume nke "inwere onwe nke Labor" Ọ bụ na nke a na a haziri. Otu ihe dị mkpa ntọala maka ya jere ozi dị ka a na-akatọ populism. Ya akwụkwọ, Plekhanov rụrụ ụka na Russia banyere ụzọ nke ikeketeorie development. Nke a pụtara na bụrụkwa ike na-eme n'ọdịnihu nke mgbanwe abụghị peasantry, nke dabeere na populists, na proletariat.

The na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị choro nke Social-Democrats na-ebelata ka n'ozuzu onye kwuo uche mgbanwe. Mgbe ha, ike nwere na-eme ka ohere ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ. SDG Mmemme "inwere onwe nke Labor" ọfiọkde Lenin na ya oru nta akuko isiokwu, na mgbe e mesịrị gụnyere ke collection of classic ọrụ nke Bolshevik ndú. The uru nke akwụkwọ a abụghị naanị ya choro. Ihe omume Plekhanov na-eso ụzọ ya bụ onye mbụ usoro ihe omume nke Russian Social-Democrats. Ọ pụtara n'ihu a yiri akwụkwọ nke RSDLP, e dere site Lenin na ya "Iskra" Editorial Board.

nketa Chernishevsky

Plekhanov na ndị ọzọ so n'ìgwè ndị "ụmụ nke Chernyshevsky." Echiche na ọrụ nke a akpan akpan Russian dere nwere na ha na-enwe mmetụta kasịnụ bụ ka tupu creators nke "ntọhapụ nke oru" ghọọ ndị maara Marxism. "Capital," na-ede akwụkwọ akpa ke 1883-nke - n'afọ nke oruru nke Plekhanov si otu. Russian socialists ọbụna jisiri nkenke okwu na nchoputa nke a ọhụrụ echiche ndị Nazi.

O nwere a ogologo chat na Engels, bụ onye nwụrụ na 1895. Ọ bụ maka oge 1883-1895 gg. ada mbụ Marxist Plehanova Na-. Na ndabere nke a ọhụrụ akụziri, ọ reinterpreted nketa "nke sixties-populists".

The mbụ Mmeri Plekhanov

The kwalitere na nchọpụta ọhụrụ na-nketa Chernyshevsky Plekhanov bụ ọnwụ nke onye dere na Saratov na 1889 na ndị sochirinụ na-amụrụ ọgba aghara na jidere ọtụtụ nnukwu obodo Russia. Megide a ndabere, nchoputa nke "inwere onwe nke Labor" malitere na-anakọta ihe ọhụrụ ya isi ọrụ ewepụtara ka òtù nzuzo nke onye mba socialist ije.

Plekhanov jisiri dere kpọmkwem na arịrịọ nke memoirs nke revolutionary Peter Lavrov. The "inwere onwe nke Labor" bipụtara anọ isiokwu na Chernyshevsky, nke maka oge mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian socialism echiche na nkà ihe ọmụma nke onye dere na-atụle site na a Marxist ele ihe anya. Ọdịdị nke ndị a ihe na ha dum dissemination n'etiti agụ ọha bụ ihe dị mkpa milestone maka dissemination na nkwalite nke na-ede akwụkwọ nke "Capital" ozizi.

n'ihu na-eme

Ọ bụ ezie na otu "inwere onwe nke Labor" - bụ mbụ nzukọ esonyerela gburugburu Plekhanov, niile ndị nọ na ya otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ọzọ abuana ke dissemination na popularization nke Marxist echiche. Na 1884, Axelrod dere sị "The ọrụ ije na-elekọta mmadụ na ochichi onye kwuo uche", na 1888th mgbalị nke dum na nzukọ a mụrụ chịkọtara "Social Democrat."

Ke adianade do, na 1890-1892 gg. E bipụtara edemede nyochaa. Ke kpuchie nke anọ akwụkwọ na-emepụta. Review na-eje ozi atọ nzube: Iji na-akwalite Marxism, katọrọ populism, na-agbasakwa ozi na-eme nke na-akwado nke na-elekọta mmadụ ochichi onye kwuo uche na mba ọzọ.

The agha megide economism

Oge egosiwo na e kere eke nke a Marxist otu "inwere onwe nke Labor" ọ bụghị nanị na nyeere nduhie nke Marxism na Russia, ma kara mmalite nke ịdị n'otu nke Russian Social-Democrats, onye bi n'ala ọzọ. Rally na-akwado nke ekpe-nku ahụ abụghị mfe. Iji mee nke a, Plekhanov si otu n'usoro agha na echiche nke economism. Na-akwado nke a ije n'okpuru nduzi nke Eduard Bernstein wee malite ikwu okwu megide eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị ọrụ tinye n'ihu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị chọrọ.

Dị ka economists, na proletariat aghaghị ịlụ naanị n'ihi na ha na-elekọta mmadụ na aku na uba na ọdịmma. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ndị ọzọ na nzube malitere e kere eke nke "inwere onwe nke Labor". The ụbọchị nke ya inception (1883) bụ amalite na proletarian emegide tsarist ọchịchị n'ihi na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nghọtahie. Mgbe niile, economists e meriri. Otu n'ime ndị kasị dị ịrịba ji nke na-emeso ha bụ akwụkwọ na "Vademecum" mkpesa Social Democrats, mebere site Lenin bụ n'ala ọzọ.

The mmeri nke opportunists na revisionists

The Russian Marxism ọzọ ije na okpuru esemokwu n'etiti onwe ha. The ịsụ ngọngọ bụ opportunism. N'etiti Marxists okwu aghọwo a cliché, nke na-ewere ndị iro nke Social-Democratic mmemme. Right opportunists kwalitere gbahapụrụ nke revolutionary ụzọ nke na-alụ. Ha kweere na mmadụ ikpe ziri ezi nwere ike-enweta site na nkwado nke niile ọmụmụ, gụnyere proletariat na bourgeoisie. Opportunism bụ na-ekpe. Na-akwado echiche nke a Ozizi kwere na ọ dị mkpa iji mee ka ndị amamihe ime ihe ike na kacha.

N'ihe ziri ezi na n'aka ekpe-nku opportunists mbụ katọrọ Plekhanov na "inwere onwe nke Labor", mgbe ahụ, Bolsheviks, edu Lenin. Ideological esemokwu na-elekọta mmadụ na-ochichi gburugburu ebe obibi emewo ka a revisionist. Ha mara ọgwụgwụ nke Marx na nsogbu nke ikeketeorie bụ apụghị izere ezere n'ihi ebumnobi na ihe ndị mere ọ na-apụghị ịchịkwa. Ya mere, revisionists na-òkù-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị ọzọ iji nweta socialism. N'agbanyeghị na ịdị adị nke ọtụtụ dị iche iche iche iche na echiche ndị Nazi, ọ bụ ndị na-akwado Plekhanov rịọrọ maka enyemaka na anya nke ukwuu-ole n'etiti n'aka ekpe. The ịga nke ọma ahụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu-enweta ekele na-arụsi ọrụ ike publicist na onwe otu "inwere onwe nke Labor".

Akwado n'ụlọ

Ọ bụ ezie na Plekhanovites ọtụtụ ahụmahụ ndị nzukọ na ihe isi ike ego, ha na-enwe ike ngwa ngwa iru na kọntaktị na oru gafee Russian Alaeze Ukwu. Nazi Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kharkov, Kiev, Vilnius, Riga, Odessa, Minsk, Nizhny Novgorod na ndị ọzọ isi obodo nwere kpọmkwem kọntaktị nzukọ chie ikodu ke Switzerland. Ọ bụ ihe dị otú a sara mbara omume mere ka ihe e kere eke nke "inwere onwe nke Labor". Year site afọ, mmetụta nke Plekhanov na-akwado ya naanị ụba.

Na 1895, na "Union of Mgba maka ntọhapụ nke na-arụ ọrụ na klas" eguzobewo a ìgwè nke dị nnọọ nso mmekọrịta. Nke a imekọ ihe ọnụ nwere anya-eru na ya pụta. Na 1896 na London, na International Socialist Congress. Lenin si "Union" mere Plekhanov ya bịara mgbakọ na omume. A ọnwa ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị, Vladimir Ulyanov e jidere ya ma gaa biri n'ala ọzọ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, "The Union nke mgba maka ntọhapụ nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ na klas" aghọwo a wusiri ike nke economists, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị òtù abụọ a na efu.

Na mba arena

"Inwere onwe nke Labor" na-arụkọ ọrụ, ọ bụghị nanị Russian akwado, ma socialists na Europe. The otu kpọtụụrụ ndị òtù na ndị ọzọ nke France, Germany, Poland, England, Switzerland, Bulgaria na Austria-Hungary. Na Plekhanovites rụkọrọ ọrụ na-egbuke egbuke ndú nke European socialist ije. Nke a na usoro nke aha pụrụ iwere Eduarda Evelinga, Antonio Labriola, Avgusta Bebelya, Vilgelma Libknehta, Klaru Tsetkin, na na. D.

Representatives nke "inwere onwe nke Labor" nwere abuana ke ọtụtụ mba ihe nke European Left. Ha nọ ya na ndị Congress na Paris, Zurich, London.

ekpochapụ

Na 1901, otu ìgwè nke "inwere onwe nke Labor" ka teamed na ndị editọ nke "Iskra", gawa site Lenin guzo. N'ime Russian socialist ije malitere a oge nke na-amị mkpụrụ imekọ ihe ọnụ. Isi ọgụgụ na ọ ghọrọ Lenin na Plekhanov. Na 1903, ndị ideological esemokwu malitere n'etiti ha. The bụrụkwa-aghọta ihe atụ a na-ese okwu bụ II Party Congress. The ọhụrụ kere party kewaa Bolsheviks na Mensheviks.

Plekhanov na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ socialists, gụnyere Martov, kweere na na-alụso tsarist ọchịchị nwere ike ịdabere na nkwado nke bourgeoisie. Lenin bụ ihe ndị ọzọ buu. O weere ndị bourgeoisie isi na klas onye iro nke ndị proletariat. Mensheviks nwekwara megide arịọrọ ndị Central Committee nke party ukwuu ike maka ihe Bolsheviks kwalitere. Ọdịiche bịara doo anya. Na ọ bụ ezie na Russian socialists wee na-ịnọgide na-enwe mmekọahụ na onye ọ bụla ọzọ, e wee bikwasị ndabere nke meriri na ọnwụ nke Mensheviks kemgbe 1917. The "inwere onwe nke Labor" akwado Plekhanov gaa Martov, na mgbe ahụ kwụsịrị ịdị adị.

uru

Ndị na-esi nke rụpụtara na e kere eke nke "inwere onwe nke Labor" bịara doo anya ọtụtụ mgbe e mesịrị ka ndị nchupu nke-eme nke a na nzukọ. Mgbe a gbanwesịrị ọchịchị, Lenin kwuru na Plekhanov tọrọ ntọala Russian socialism na mbụ wee jee izute ndị na-achụso nke proletariat. Ọzọkwa Bolshevik ndú kweere na e kere eke nke "ntọhapụ nke oru" na-ekwe ka igbu ndị Populists, ndị anarchists, na revisionists na ndị ọzọ "na-ezighị ezi" ekpe.

Site na nzukọ, tọrọ ntọala na 1883, na Russian okpuru mesịrị nwee ike ile anya socialism ka a na nkà mmụta sayensị Ozizi ya na-egosi isi na-edo anya mgbagha. Lenin kweere na mmalite nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian Marxism bụ kpọmkwem ihe e kere eke nke a Marxist otu "inwere onwe nke Labor". Year 1883rd anyị nwere ike iche na nke a dị mkpa n'ihi na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian benchmark. Na USSR, ọmụmụ nke omume nke "ntọhapụ nke oru" ugwo oké anya. Soviet akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ghọtara na ọ pụrụ ịbụ nnọọ ihe dị iche na-enweghị akara aka nke nzukọ 1917 mgbanwe.