Cars, Lorries
-Ebibi: nkọwa. Omume klas ebukọrọ na ha ụdị
The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị agha fleets nke isi ike na mkpa oké osimiri agha nke ndị XIX narị afọ na-nwere njikọ chiri ka ndị na-ebukọrọ. Taa a bụ agaghịkwa ndị brisk ọsọ ụgbọ mmiri na a obere Ndahie, a ọwọrọiso atụ nke bụ "Zamvolt" ụdị ebukọrọ nke US, na njedebe nke 2015 wepụtara na oké osimiri ọnwụnwa.
Gịnị bụ nāpunara
Mbibi, na nkenke, mbibi - a na klas nke warships. Multi-ọsọ maneuverable Ụgbọ mmiri ndị mbụ e mere iji intercept na-ebibi onye iro ụgbọ mmiri na na ogbunigwe ọkụ mgbe echebe a skwodron nke arọ nwayọọ na-aga ụgbọ mmiri. Site na mmalite nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ, isi nzube nke na-ebukọrọ - torpedo ọgụ ibu iro ụgbọ mmiri. War gbasaa nso nke aga-eme na-ebukọrọ, ha na-eji maka mgbochi okpuru mmiri na-emegide ugbo elu-agbachitere, mwakpo. Ọ malitere dịkwuo ha uru na nsoro, budata ụba Ndahie na firepower.
Taa, ha na-eje ozi na-na-alụ ọgụ na submarines, ụgbọ mmiri na ugbo elu (ugbo elu agba) iro.
-Ebibi ndị na patrol n'ọrụ, ha ga-eji na nyoputa onyeiro, enye ogbunigwe nkwado mgbe ọdịda na-etinye minefields.
Mbụ wee na klas nke ìhè ugbo ala, ha seaworthiness ndị ala, onwe ha na ha nwere ike ghara ime omume. Ha isi na ngwá agha ndị nke m. Iji merie ha na ọtụtụ fleets nwere pụtara na-akpọ alụso - obere elu-ọsọ arịa, n'ihi na nke torpedoes mmalite nke XX narị afọ pụrụ iche ihe ize ndụ chere. Mgbe e mesịrị, ndị a mmiri na-aha ya bụ mbibi.
Mbibi - n'ihi na a torpedo tupu mgbanwe a na-akpọ na Russian onwe-propelled mines. Skwodron - n'ihi na na-eche nche site a skwodron mere ihe gosiri na ha akụkụ nke Maritime na Oceanic mpaghara.
Background nke klas ebukọrọ
Torpedoes burugodị British Navy wee ruo na ise ikpeazụ nke XIX narị afọ. Na mbụ na-ebukọrọ e wuru na 1877 ebukọrọ "Lightning" (UK) na "Bang" (Russia). Obere elu-ọsọ ma dị ọnụ ala na-emepụta, ha nwere ike imi a oké ụgbọ mmiri nke akara.
Mgbe afọ abụọ gasịrị, maka British nsoro e wuru iri na otu ndị ọzọ dị ike nāpunara, France - iri na abụọ, na Austria-Hungary na Denmark - otu otu.
Ihe ịga nke ọma m edinam Russian ụgbọ mmiri n'oge Russian-Turkish agha nke 1877-1878. na mmepe nke torpedoes mere ka e minonosnogo nsoro echiche na maka agbachitere osimiri adịghị mkpa nnukwu ọnụ armadillos, nsogbu a nwere ike idozi a otutu obere elu-ọsọ na ụgbọ mmiri minonosnyh na a obere ngafe. Na eighties nke XIX narị afọ ọ malitere a ezigbo "minonosny" ọganihu. Naanị ndị na-eduga Maritime ike - Britain, France na Russia - ama na ha fleets, 325 ebukọrọ. Replenished dị otú ahụ n'ụlọikpe na US Navy, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy na ndị ọzọ na mba Europe.
Ndị Maritime mba gburugburu otu oge malitere e kere eke nke ụgbọ mmiri na-ebibi torpedo ụgbọ mmiri na nke m. Ndị a "alụso ebukọrọ" ga-abụ ndị ahụ dị ka Greyhound, e wezụga torpedoes, nwere dị ka akụkụ nke ngwá agha na ogbunigwe nwere otu ike idobere, nakwa dị ka ndị ọzọ na nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri na isi nsoro.
Ndahie "fighter" anọwo nnọọ ukwuu karịa nke ndị na-ebukọrọ.
Prototypes ebukọrọ dị ka British torpedo ebule "Polifemus" Wuru na 1892, enweghị nke bụ a na-adịghị ike ogbunigwe na ngwá agha, mgbere "na-agba ụta" na "Scout" gunboats "Dryad" ụdị ( "Halcyon") na "Sharpshuter" "Jason" ( " mkpu "), a nnukwu mbibi" Swift "wuru na 1894 na kennyeghari ngwá agha, iji bibie ndị iro na-ebukọrọ.
The British wuru maka Japanese armored mbibi nke mbụ na klas "Kotak" nnukwu Ndahie na ike ike osisi na mma-akwadebe, ma na unsatisfactory seaworthiness, na-eso ya bụ ụgbọ mmiri na-alụ ọgụ ndị na-ebukọrọ "destructor" nyere site Spain, ebe ọ na nkewa dị ka a torpedo gunboat .
mbụ nāpunara
Na ndu ebighi-see nke British na French naval British mbụ wuru maka isii ụgbọ mmiri, nke ịdị iche iche dịtụ anya, ma o nwere yiri njikwa e ji mara na mbughari ogwe aka na-atụgharị na-edozi nsogbu torpedo ebukọrọ ma ọ bụ fighter. Ha Ndahie bụ banyere 270 m, ndị na-agba - 26 mara akpụ. Burugodị na a ụgbọ mmiri na otu 76mm, 57mm atọ egbe na atọ torpedo akpa. Ule gosiri na ọbụna imekotaotuugbo echichi nke ngwá agha nile bụghị emetụta maneuverability na ọsọ. The ụta nke arịa kpuchie Karalas ( "mbe shei"), bụ ndị gbachiteere conning ụlọ elu na arụnyere na ya a n'elu ikpo okwu nke isi ọkụ. Fences, breakwaters na n'akụkụ nke ụlọ na-echebe ndị fọdụrụ nke egbe.
French mbụ Mbibi e wuru na afọ ikpeazụ nke XIX, na US - na mmalite nke ọzọ na narị afọ. Ke United States, 16 ebukọrọ e wuru maka afọ anọ.
Na Russia, na nke narị afọ na-wuru enweghị aha, ya mere, a na-akpọ ikike ebukọrọ. Mgbe Ndahie 90-150 tọn ha ruru ọsọ nke 25 mara akpụ, onye agha na-ofu, abụọ ibughari torpedo na ìhè egbe.
Independent klas ebukọrọ malitere mgbe agha 1904-1905 gg na Japan.
Ebukọrọ mmalite nke XX narị afọ
Na nke narị afọ na-ewu nke ike osisi uzuoku tobaim ebukọrọ abịa. Mgbanwe dị otú ahụ pụrụ ime nnọọ amụba ọsọ nke ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. Mmalite mbibi ọhụrụ powerplant maka ule enwe ike ịzụlite a ọsọ nke 36 mara akpụ.
Mgbe ahụ England malite iwu ebukọrọ ọrụ na mmanụ, ọ bụghị coal. Ịgbaso ya mmiri mmiri mmanụ malitere ịga fleets nke mba ndị ọzọ. Na Russia, ọ bụ oru ngo "Novik", wuru na 1910.
Russian-Japanese agha nke agbachitere Port Arthur na Agha nke Tsushima, nke bịara ọnụ itoolu Russian iri abụọ na otu Japanese mbibi, gosiri adịghị ike nke ụdị ụgbọ mmiri na adịghị ike nke aka ha.
Site na 1914, na displacement nke nāpunara mụbara 1000 ise. Ha hulls e mere nke mkpa nchara, na ofu na mobile otu-tube torpedo akpa dochie a multi-tubular na a n'usoro n'usoro n'elu ikpo okwu na ofu thereto ngwa anya nlegharị anya. Torpedo ghọrọ uku, ha ọsọ mụbara budata na nso.
Gbanwere ọnọdụ nke fọduru akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na-ebukọrọ ihe arụ ọrụ ojii. Officers natara a iche iche ụlọ na nke mbụ na British mbibi "River" na 1902.
N'oge agha-nbibi na a Ndahie nke ruo otu na ọkara puku tọn, a na-agba nke 37 mara akpụ uzuoku boilers mmanụ nozzles, anọ atọ tube torpedo launchers na ise egbe caliber 88 mm ma ọ bụ 102 keere òkè n'ụzọ patrols, raiding arụmọrụ, mwube minefields, bufee agha. Na kasị naval agha nke agha - agha Jutland - gara karịa 80 British na 60 German ebukọrọ.
Na nke a agha, na ndi nāpunara malitere ịrụ ọzọ ọrụ - iji chebe nsoro si agha submarines, na-awakpo ha na ogbunigwe ọkụ ma ọ bụ a iti ebule. Nke a emeela ka ụba housings nāpunara, ngwá ọrụ nke hydrophones maka nchọpụta nke submarines na omimi ebubo. The oge mbụ okpuru mmiri e mikpuru site omimi ebubo mbibi "Llewellyn" na December 1916.
Britain kere n'oge agha ahụ, a ọhụrụ nkewa - "onye ndú nke ndị na-ebukọrọ," na oké atụmatụ na ngwá agha karịa nkezi nke mbibi. Ọ na-e bu n'obi iji mee ka ndị agha nke ya nāpunara, ndị agha na-iro, akara iche iche nke nāpunara na nyoputa onyeiro skwodron na.
Ebukọrọ na interwar oge
Ahụmahụ nke First World War gosiri na ezughi oke torpedoes ebukọrọ maka ọgụ. Ịmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ nke-achịkwaghị achịkwa na Ọdịdị nke isii ngwaọrụ na-arụnyere ọkpọkọ.
A ọhụrụ ogbo na-ewu a ụdị ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike a ga-atụle Japanese ebukọrọ ụdị "Fubuki". Ha mgwo agha gụnyere isii dị ike ise-anụ ọhịa egbe na a nnukwu n'akuku nke elu, nke ike-eji dị ka-emegide ugbo elu na atọ atọ tube torpedo akpa na oxygen torpedoes pịnye 93 "Long Lens". Ndị na-esonụ Japanese torpedo ebukọrọ nnọchi maka ngwa ngwa recharging ngwaọrụ malitere ebe oche superstructure.
US nāpunara, "Porter" oru "Mahan" na "Gridley 'na-ruo eruo na ise nke anụ ọhịa ahụ ejima egbe, na mgbe ahụ mụbara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke torpedo akpa 12 na 16 karị.
French nāpunara, "Jaguar" ụdị ugbua nwere a Ndahie nke puku abụọ. M na 130 mm egbe ala.
Dị na Hitler rearmament omume na-ewu ọzọ nāpunara na Germany, dị ka ụgbọ mmiri ndị na 1934, anyị nwere a Ndahie nke 3 puku. T, ma ogbenye ọrụ. -Ebibi ụdị 1936 e burugodị na 150-mm arọ egbe.
Germany ebukọrọ eji na a uzuoku tobaim echichi na elu-mgbali uzuoku. Ọhụrụ ngwọta, ma ọ mere ka oké nsogbu na-arụzi ụgbọala.
N'ụzọ dị iche, Japanese na German mmemme na-ewu nnukwu nāpunara, na British na America malitere ike ìhè, ma ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri. British mbibi ụdị A, B, C, D, E, F, G na H na a Ndahie nke 1.4 puku. T nwere asatọ torpedo akpa na anọ 120 mm caliber egbe. Otú ọ dị, n'otu oge ha na-wuru dị ka "Tribal" mbibi na a Ndahie nke ihe karịrị 1.8 puku. Tọn na anọ egbe turrets, nke asatọ ejima-nlele 4.7-anụ ọhịa egbe n'ịnyịnya.
E wee ese ebukọrọ J ụdị na iri torpedo akpa na atọ n'ụlọ elu niile na isii paired ngwá ọrụ, na L, nke e setịpụrụ na isii paired ọhụrụ eluigwe na ala egbe na asatọ torpedo akpa.
US ebukọrọ ụdị "Benson," Ndahie nke 1.6 puku. T, iri ahụ ji ngwá agha torpedo akpa na ise 127-mm (5 sentimita asatọ) ngwaọrụ.
The Soviet Union tupu Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na-ebukọrọ wuru maka oru ngo na mechaa 7U 7, nke na echelon ndokwa nke ike osisi mma na survivability nke ụgbọ mmiri. Ha mepụtara a ọsọ nke 38 mara akpụ na a Ndahie nke banyere 1.9 puku. T.
1/38 maka oru ngo e wuru isii isi nke ebukọrọ. (Head - "Leningrad") na a Ndahie nke banyere 3 puku tọn, na a na-agba nke 43 mara akpụ na a cruising nso nke 2.1 puku kilomita ..
Na Italy, maka Black nsoro ya rụrụ ndú mbibi "Tashkent" puku tọn na a Ndahie nke 4.2, na a ọsọ kacha 44 eriri na cruising nso dị ukwuu karịa 5 puku. Miles na 25 mara akpụ ọsọ.
Ahụmahụ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ
N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọ malitere ifịk akụkụ ụgbọelu, gụnyere na ọgụ arụmọrụ na oké osimiri. On na ndi nāpunara malitere ngwa ngwa ka-emegide ugbo elu egbe na radars. Na-alụso ndị na-ama ọzọ elu submarines malitere iji ogbunigwe.
-Ebibi ndị "consumable" fleets nke niile mmụọ ịlụ ọgụ mba. Ha bụ ndị kasị oke ụgbọ mmiri, abuana ke niile agha niile ekiri fim nke agha arụmọrụ na oké osimiri. German nāpunara na oge ahụ nwere naanị a n'akụkụ ụlọ.
Site n'etiti XX narị afọ, ụfọdụ na-ebukọrọ n'oge agha ahụ, ọ bụghị iwu ọhụrụ dara oké ọnụ ụgbọ mmiri, e kwalite kpọmkwem maka mgbochi okpuru mmiri agha.
Ọzọkwa ọ e wuru a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ibu, burugodị na akpaka egbe nke isi ọkụ, ogbunigwe, Rada, sonar mmiri: Soviet ebukọrọ oru ngo 30-bis na 56, English - "Daring" na American "Forrest Sherman."
Era agha nāpunara
Ebe ọ bụ na sixties nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ na biakwa obibia nke agba "n'ala-ala" na "ala-to-ikuku" isi Maritime ike malite iwu nāpunara na-eduzi agba (Russian afo - URO, English - DDG). Ọ bụ Soviet mmiri nke oru ngo 61, English - dị ka "County" American - ụdị "Charles F. Adams."
Site na njedebe nke XX narị afọ bịara ikiri ókè n'etiti eziokwu nāpunara, kpamkpam njikere frigates na mgbere.
Na Soviet Union na 1981 wee malite iwu ebukọrọ nke oru ngo 956 (ụdị "egbe" ma ọ bụ "oge a"). Ndị a bụ nanị Soviet mmiri na na-na mbụ nkewa dị ebukọrọ. Ha na-bu n'obi obibi n'elu agha na nkwado nke ọdịda, na mgbe ahụ maka mgbochi okpuru mmiri na-emegide ugbo elu agbachitere.
956 maka oru ngo na wuru mbibi "Persistent", nke ugbu a flagship nke Baltic Fleet. Ọ na oru na January 1991.
Mbibi njikere launchers mgbochi ship nrughari agba "anwụnta" (abụọ quad),-emegide ugbo elu agha mgbagwoju "udo" (2 nkeji), sextuple ogbunigwe RBU-1000 (2 nkeji), abụọ paired egbe mounts 130 mm, sextuple AK-630 (4 echichi), abụọ ejima torpedo akpa caliber 533 mm. On osisi ship bụ Ka-27.
Of ugbua wuru na ọhụrụ ndị ndị na-ebukọrọ nke Indian Navy ruo mgbe na-adịbeghị anya. Ụgbọ mmiri dị ka "Delhi" burugodị na mgbochi ship akụ ụta na a nso nke lesion 130 km, Sam "udo" (Russia) na videos Berak (Israel) maka agbachitere, na Russian mgbochi okpuru mmiri rọketi bombometnye echichi RBU-6000 ASW na ise torpedo eduzi torpedoes caliber 533 mm. Helipad e mere maka abụọ helicopters Sea King. Ọ na-atụ anya na n'ọdịnihu dị nso iji dochie ndị a ụgbọ mmiri na-ebukọrọ nke "Kolkata".
Taa mbibi DDG-1000 Zumwalt US Navy intercepted n'ọbụ aka.
Ebukọrọ na XXI narị afọ
All isi fleets depụtara izugbe ọnọdụ nke ndị na-ewu ọhụrụ ebukọrọ. The isi otu bụ ojiji nke iwu na akara usoro yiri US "Aegis» (AEGIS), nke bu n'obi ibibi bụghị naanị ugbo elu, ma na-agba "ship-to-ship" na "ikuku na-ụgbọ mmiri."
Mgbe na-eke ọhụrụ mmiri ga-etinyere Stealth technology: iji radieshon-absorbent ihe onwunwe, pụrụ iche e mere geometric udi, Otú ọ dị, ihe atụ, dị iche iche ụdị mbibi USS Zumwalt.
The ọhụrụ nāpunara na-amụba na-agba, si otú dịkwuo habitability na seaworthiness.
Na oge a ụgbọ mmiri na elu larịị nke akpaaka, ma a ga-amụba, na, ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ka na-eto eto na òkè nke inyeaka ike nkeji.
O doro anya na ndị a niile Filiks iduga a ịrị elu na-eri nke na-ewu ụgbọ mmiri, otú ahụ ka qualitative mma nke ha ike ga-ruru ka mgbubilata.
Ndị na-ebukọrọ nke ọhụrụ na narị afọ ga-akarị na size na Ndahie niile dị ka ụbọchị mmiri nke ụdị. The ọhụrụ mbibi DDG-1000 Zumwalt atụle a ndekọ maka Ndahie, ọ bụ 14 puku. Tọn. Bụ ụgbọ mmiri nke ụdị na-zubere ịbanye US Navy dị ka n'oge dị 2016, nke mbụ nke ha na-ama malitere n'oké osimiri ọnwụnwa.
Site n'ụzọ, Russian ebukọrọ Project 23560, nke, dị ka kwere ná nkwa, a ga-wuru 2020, ga-a Ndahie nke 18 puku. Ise.
The Russian draft nke a ọhụrụ nāpunara
Dị ka oru ngo 23560, nke, dị ka media akụkọ, bụ na ogbo nke Ntụpụta elo imewe, ọ na-zubere na-ewu 12 ụgbọ mmiri. Mbibi "onye ndú" ogologo nke 200 m na obosara nke 23 ga-akparaghị ókè cruising nso, na kwurula igodo na-90 ụbọchị iji ruo a kacha njem ọsọ nke 32 mara akpụ. Ọ na-ẹkekerede kpochapụwo layout nke ụgbọ mmiri na-eji Stealth technology.
Ekwe nke bibiri "Onye Ndú" (elu mmiri nke Oceanic mpaghara) ga-wuru, dịcha na a nuklia ike osisi, na nwere na-ebu 60 ma ọ bụ 70 na nrughari agba zoro bases. Ọ na-azọrọ na-ezo ezo na mines na n'elu-to-ikuku agha, nke kwesịrị nnọọ 128, gụnyere Sam "Poliment-redoubt." Antisubmarine mgwo agha kwesịrị iso nke 16-24-tank eduzi agba (Plourac'h). Ebukọrọ enweta eluigwe na ala caliber ogbunigwe systems 130 mm A-192 "Armat" na embarkation ikpo okwu abụọ multipurpose helicopters.
All data ka tentetivu na ike ịgbanwe na-eme n'ọdịnihu.
Navy isi kwere na "Onye Ndú" ụdị-ebibi ndị multi-nzube ụgbọala, na-eje ozi dị ka n'ezie nāpunara, mgbochi okpuru mmiri ụgbọ mmiri, na eleghị anya, agha mgbere "Orlan".
Mbibi "Zamvolt"
Type ebukọrọ Zumwalt - a isi mmewere nke US Navy usoro ihe omume nke elu warships nke XXI narị afọ (elu n'Ịlụ Agha SC-21).
Russian nke bibiri "Onye Ndú" - ajụjụ a nwere ike, ma ọ bụghị n'ebe dị anya, ma na-eme n'ọdịnihu.
Na ebe a bụ nke mbụ ọhụrụ ụdị mbibi DDG-1000 Zumwalt ama ulo oru, na mmalite nke December 2015 malitere ya mmepụta ule. The peculiar udi nke mbibi a na-akpọ juru n'ọnụ, ya ahu ihe na superstructure fọrọ nke nta atọ sentimita na ọkpụrụkpụ ntekwasa na-adọrọ ihe (1 inch), ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị protruding antennas na-ebelata ka a kacha nta.
-Ebibi ụdị "Zamvolt" ogologo nke 183 m, a Ndahie nke ruo 15 puku. T na jikọtara ike isi ike osisi 106 puku. L. a. nwere ike iru a ọsọ nke 30 mara akpụ. Ha nwere a dị ike Rada ike na-enwe ike ịchọpụta na dị anya ọ bụghị nanị ala-na-na-efe efe akụ ụta, ma ụgbọ mmiri nke eyi ọha egwu.
Jikeere ebukọrọ esịnede 20 vetikal launchers Mak 57 VLS, na gbakọọ 80 Tammy "Tomahawk», ASROC ma ọ bụ ESSM, abụọ ngwa ngwa-zenith Mk 110 egbe na a caliber nke 57 mm gbara, abụọ 155-mm AGS egbe na a nso nke 370 km, abụọ tubular 324-mm torpedo akpa.
Ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike dabeere 2 SH-60 helikọpta Sea egbe ma ọ bụ 3 UAVs MQ-8 Fire Scout.
"Zamvolt" - ụdị nāpunara, onye isi ọrụ bụ ibibi onye iro n'ikpere mmiri ụlọ ọrụ. Ọzọkwa, ụdị ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike n'ụzọ dị irè-emeso elu elu, mmiri n'okpuru osimiri na ikuku zaa na onye iro ogbunigwe ọku support agha.
"Zamvolt" bụ n'onwe ọhụrụ technology, bụ ọhụrụ ụbọchị agbam onya mbibi. Projects India na Russia ma emejuputa, na ụdị ụgbọ mmiri, o yiri, bụghị ma kwụsịwo.
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