General Theory of Employment, Interest na Ego Dzhona Meynarda Keynes: nchịkọta

"General Theory of Employment, Interest na Ego" e dere site na British Economist John Maynard Keynes. Akwụkwọ a aghọwo ya Magnum opus. Chepụtara "The General Theory of Employment, Interest na Ego" bụ ndị mbụ na-akọwa na ụdị na ndepụta nke okwu nke oge a macroeconomics. Ke n'akwụkwọ nke na-arụ ọrụ na February 1936, e nwere a na-akpọ Keynesian mgbanwe. Ọtụtụ economists kwagara n'ebe ndị oge gboo kwenyere na ahịa nwere ike onwe weghachi full ọrụ mgbe nwa oge ịtụnanya. The akwụkwọ akpa ẹkenam dị otú ahụ echiche a maara ugbu a dị ka ndị multiplier, oriri ọrụ, keokere arụpụtaghị nke isi obodo, irè ina na mmasị maka liquidity.

Dzhon Meynard Keyns: Summary

N'ọdịnihu nchoputa nke oge a na macroeconomics A mụrụ 1883 n'obodo Cambridge. Echiche ya na-kara fundamentallno ịgbanwe ozizi na omume nke ọha mkpebi na aku na uba na ubi. Dzhon Meynard Keyns bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị akpa ọkà mmụta sayensị nke narị afọ nke 20. Ọ gbaghara ndị postulate nke ndị oge gboo ozizi irè nke "adịghị ahụ anya n'aka" nke ahịa. Keynes ruo nkwubi okwu na n'ozuzu larịị nke aku na uba na-arụ ọrụ a na-kpebisie ike site nchịkọta ina. Ya mere, ọ bụ na nke ikpeazụ na kwesịrị ilekwasị anya ala dị ka onye ọkà regulator, onye ọrụ n'ibelata azụmahịa cycles. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ fọrọ nke nta niile mepụtara mba ha dabere atumatu dị na Keynesian echiche. Interest na mpaghara ebe a malitere ibelata na 1970 na njikọ na apụghị ịchịkwa elu onu oriri etoju. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ego nsogbu nke 2007-2008. Ọtụtụ mba na amalitela laghachi Keynesian ụzọ nke ụkpụrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ọchịchị aka na akụ na ụba mba, dị ka nyere Keynes. "General Theory of Employment, Interest na Ego" a na-ewere ọrụ bụ isi nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. O nwere ihe nile isi ala na ụdị nke a na-emekarị.

"General Theory of Employment, Interest, na Ego": akwụkwọ

The echiche bụ isi nke Keynes Magnum opus bụ na-enweghị ọrụ ọnụego na-adịghị kpebisie ike site na price nke oru, dị ka hụrụ neoclassic na nchịkọta ina. The nchoputa nke macroeconomics chere na zuru ọrụ ike ga-enweta nanị ahịa usoro. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa na-aka nke a nke atọ agha, nke ahụ bụ ala. Work "General Theory of Employment, Interest na Ego," na-akọwa na underutilization nke mmepụta ike na underinvestment - a eke ọnọdụ ke ahịa aku na uba, nke a na-achịkwa nanị site "adịghị ahụ anya n'aka." Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ekwu nke na enweghị mpi - nke a abụghị nsogbu bụ isi, mgbe ụfọdụ ọbụna na a ọnụ ke ụgwọ ọrụ na-adịghị ike ndị ọzọ ọrụ. Keynes site ná mmalite ukwuu nke akwụkwọ ya. O kweere na ọ pụrụ atụgharị isi n'ala niile omenala echiche. Ke leta enyi ya Bernard Shaw na 1935, Dzhon Keyns dere, sị: "Ekweere m na-eme na-ede akwụkwọ na aku na uba na ozizi, nke ga-abụ nnukwu ihe itunanya - N'ezie, ọ bụghị ozugbo, ma na-esote afọ iri - otú ụwa kpebie ịda nsogbu akụ na ụba. " A bụ isi na-arụ ọrụ ndị mejupụtara 6 akwụkwọ (mpịakọta), ma ọ bụ 24 isi.

mmalite

"General Theory of Employment, Interest na Ego" bipụtara ozugbo n'asụsụ anọ: English, German, Japanese na French. Iji ọ bụla nke akwụkwọ, Keynes dere ebemiso. Mesiri e enịm ke ha a obere dị iche iche. Na English mbipụta ọrụ ya, Keynes adụ ọdụ niile economists, ma na ya nwere olileanya na ọ ga-aba uru niile na-agụ ya. Ọ na-ekwu, ọ bụ ezie doro anya na akpa ilekiri, ma ihe niile ahụ mmekọrita, dere afọ ise gara aga n'etiti ya na ya akwụkwọ ọzọ - "inem na Ego."

iwebata

Gịnị bụ ọrụ nke "General Theory of Employment, Interest na Ego"? Nkenke ya kachasi mkpa nwere ike kọwara dị ka: ina-emepụta amaghị, agbara ọnọdụ agaghị ekwe omume. The mbụ isi na-ewe nanị ọkara a page. Total olu na atọ ngalaba:

• "General Theory."
• "The postulates nke oge gboo akụnụba."
• "Ụkpụrụ nke irè ina."

Na n'elu ngalaba, Keynes-akọwa ihe mere o na-ekwere na nke a akwụkwọ nwere ike ịgbanwe echiche nke economists banyere aku na uba ịrụ ọrụ. Ọ na-ekwu na aha e họpụtara n'ụzọ pụrụ iche ka a mata ihe dị iche na ya na ndị oge gboo Ozizi, ojiji nke Nchoputa nke dị irè na naanị mgbe ụfọdụ, ma ọ bụghị mgbe niile.

Book II: «akọwa na echiche"

Ọ mejupụtara isi anọ:

• "Na-ahọpụta ndị nkeji nke mmesho."
• "The na-atụ anya nke ma mmepụta na ọrụ determinants".
• "The definition nke ego, ego na ego."
• "A zuru ezu karị, ụka."

"The propensity na-eri"

The atọ olu na-akọwa ọdịdị zuru oke nke oriri na-akọwa otú ọ akpali aku ọrụ. Keynes kweere na n'oge ịda mbà n'obi ndị ọchịchị kwesịrị Malitegharịa ekwentị ahụ na "engine" na ndị ọzọ na-akwụ ụgwọ. Nke a akwụkwọ mejupụtara atọ isi:

• "Ekwesịghị ihe".
• "Nke onye determinants".
• "The etiti peeji propensity na-eri na multiplier."

Dị ka Keynes, ahịa adịghị nwere ike ịchịkwa onwe. Ọ ekweghị na zuru ọrụ bụ eke ala ahụ bụ n'aka ka ogologo oge. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ka ala aka. Economic ibu, dị ka ndị nnọchianya nke Keynesianism, bụ kpamkpam dabere na eru gbasara ego obodo na ego iwu.

"The mkpali itinye ego"

The etiti peeji arụpụtaghị nke isi obodo - ruru n'etiti enwetakwa nwere na ya na-eri. Keynes ewere ya na ego ọnụego. The anọ akwụkwọ mejupụtara 10 isi:

• "The etiti peeji arụpụtaghị nke isi obodo."
• "The ala nke ogologo oge na-atụ anya."
• "The general ozizi mmasị."
• "Oge gboo Theory".
• "Psychological na azụmahịa ịkpali ka liquidity."
• "Dị iche iche na kwuru banyere ọdịdị nke isi obodo."
• "Isi Properties nke Interest na Ego".
• "General Theory of Employment, ọhụrụ chepụtara".
• "Ndị ọrụ nke na-enweghị ọrụ."
• "Ahịa Theory".

"Brief Notes"

Complete pụtara ìhè macroeconomic ọrụ ( "General Theory of Employment, Interest na Ego"), na-ede akwụkwọ kwuru na atọ isi:

• "On ahia okirikiri."
• "On mercantilism, usury iwu, esorowo ego na underconsumption chepụtara."
• "On na-elekọta mmadụ na nkà ihe ọmụma.

Ke akpatre ibuot, Keynes dere, sị: "... echiche ndị economists na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma, n'agbanyeghị ma na ha bụ ndị ziri ezi, bụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ike karịa e kweere. N'ezie, ụwa na-achị site na nta dị iche iche. Uru ndị ikom, ndị kwere onwe ha kpam kpam onwe ha si echiche nke ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị na-emekarị ndị ohu nke ụfọdụ defunct Economist. Crazy na ike na-erite echiche ha si ikpeazụ afọ isiokwu nke ụfọdụ scribblers site n'ụwa nke sayensị. Obi siri m ike na ike nke nyekwara ọdịmma bụ budata ikwubiga okwu ókè tụnyere gradual mgbasa nke mmetụta nke echiche. N'ezie, ọ bụghị ozugbo, ma mgbe a ụfọdụ oge; na akụnụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkà ihe ọmụma echiche ike-enwe mmetụta na ozizi na na 25-30 afọ. Ma ọ bụ echiche, ọ bụghị nyekwara metụtara, ndị dị ize ndụ n'ụzọ na-eduga ọdịmma ma ọ bụ nsogbu. "

Nkwado na-akatọ

"General Theory of Employment, Interest na Ego" anaghị nwere zuru ezu nduzi na management nke aku na uba. Otú ọ dị, Keynes gosiri na omume otú emetụta ego na nkeonwe oriri ọnụ ke ogologo oge mmasị udu na mgbanwe nke International Monetary usoro. Paul Samuelson wittily kwuru na Keynesianism "gburu ọtụtụ ụmụ economists dị ka na-atụghị anya ọhụrụ ọrịa ọgụ ma na-ebibi ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ ebo bi n'àgwàetiti na South n'oké osimiri."

Site nnọọ ná mmalite nke "General Theory of Employment, Interest na Ego" bụ nnọọ controversial ọrụ. Ọ dịghị onye maara kpọmkwem ihe Keynes nwere n'uche. Early ndị nlebanye anya e setịpụrụ ezigbo oké egwu. Keynesianism n'ụzọ nweta ihe ịga nke ọma ka a na-akpọ "neoclassical njikọ" na karịsịa, Alvin Hansen, Paul Samuelson na John Hicks. Ha mepụtara a doro anya nkọwa nke ozizi nchịkọta ina. Hansen na Samuelson mepụtakwara na "Keynesian Cross" na Hicks kere a nlereanya BỤ-LM (-saving investments). Ebe nile "General Theory" mgbe Akwa Iduọ Ndutịm Uforo. The ahịa ike ịnagide naanị na ihe ịtụnanya, otú ọchịchị aka yiri apụghị izere ezere.

na na omume

Ọtụtụ innovations na na-akpa chọrọ ke "General Theory", bụ isi na oge a macroeconomics. Otú ọ dị, isi echiche bụ na ihe na-akpata recessions bụ ezughi oke nchịkọta ina, na-adị ndụ. The mahadum ọmụmụ na-now tumadi kụziiri ndị na-akpọ New Keynesian akụnụba. Ọ na-ewe echiche nke neo-oge gboo ogologo oge ịha. Neo-Keynesians leghị "General Theory" bara uru maka inwekwu ọmụmụ. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ economists ka ewere ya na ya bara uru. Na 2011, akwụkwọ dara n'ime ndepụta nke kacha mma dịkọrọ ndụ nonfiction.

Jiri na ọmụmụ nke aku na uba

The mgbalị mbụ imeghari "Izugbe ozizi" aghọwo a akwụkwọ ọgụgụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Robinson, emi ẹkesiode ke 1937. Otú ọ dị, ihe ịga nke ọma wee na-eduzi Hansen. More oge a akwụkwọ ọgụgụ e wepụtara na 2006, Hayes. Mgbe ahụ, wee a mfe version of bụ nke e dere site Sheehan. Paul Krugman bụ na-ede akwụkwọ nke iwebata ka ọhụrụ mbipụta nke "The General Theory" nke Keynes, bipụtara na 2007. Nke nta nke nta, Otú ọ dị, na mbụ isi iyi nke na-atụfu ihe ọ pụtara. N'ozuzu nabatara n'etiti economists taa bụ postulate na-achịkwa aku na uba site na nchịkọta ina nwere ike ịbụ naanị na obere okwu na a ogologo oge nke oge itule nwere ike gbanwere n'adabereghị na-enyemaka nke ahịa usoro.