Gịnị bụ humus? Gịnị bụ humus ala: mejupụtara na Njirimara nke fatịlaịza

Na nke a echiche nwere na ihu a ọtụtụ ndị, ma ọ bụghị onye ọ bụla maara ihe humus. Si sụgharịa Latin "humus" pụtara "ụwa", "ala" na bụ isi organic umi nwere nri dị mkpa iji osisi.

Humic bekee nwekwara nke a pụrụ iche otu nke chemical ogige e ji mara nke n'ụwa ala cover, ie, bụ kpọmkwem naanị na ala. N'ezie, nke ahụ bụ humus, ọ bụ ugbu a doro anya, gịnịkwa ka ọ na-ele anya? Residues si osisi, na ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ nje dị ka a N'ihi nke na nkwukọrịta dị iche iche mmiri nke gburugburu ebe obibi.

The chemical mejupụtara nke humus bụ kama mgbagwoju anya. Ọ e ji a ọchịchịrị na agba, nke bụ ejighị na osisi. The mejupụtara na-agụnye a nnọọ ihe bara uru humus humic acid nwere ọtụtụ carbon (banyere 60%), oxygen (banyere 35%), nitrogen (nkezi 5%), site, sọlfọ, ígwè, na na. Dabere na ndị e kwuru n'elu, oputara onye ọzọ azịza nke ajụjụ ahụ bụ humus. Humus - a okwu na-agwakọta nnukwu mgbagwoju ọgwụ nwere na ya mejupụtara ihe organic òkè (humic na fulvic asịd), inorganic ogige (chemical ọcha nwere inorganic si malite, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ okwu, na-minerals, nke nwere n'etiti ndị humates na fulvates). Ma nke a na-now na-ekwu na ihe zuru ezu.

Dị ka ọ na-kpụrụ humus?

Na echiche nke humus i zutere ndị na-esonụ na-emeghe ajụjụ na bụ humus ala, na otú ọ na-emepụta? Humus ala - abụghị ihe ọ bụla ma a n'efu ngwaahịa dị iche iche na ntule, karịsịa earthworms. The usoro nke guzobere humus bụ inogide.

Ahịhịa, metabolic ngwaahịa nke anụmanụ ozu - niile a bụ nri maka ntule na-ebi na ala. Ụfọdụ akụkụ ya amenable mineralization, na ọzọ - Biochemical enzymatic wedara n'ala na ọxịdashọn (humification), n'oge nke njikọ nke organic ogige, na humus a kpụrụ. Humus-enwe na ya, dị ka nke ọma dị ka humic acid, nke na-emecha ghọrọ, n'ihi oxidized na carbon dioxide na mmiri. Ọ dị ezigbo mkpa na otú mgbanwe nke humus - mineralization ma ọ bụ humification - adabere na na ala na Ọnọdụ Ihu Igwe. Na a pụtara na-ekpo ọkụ ma na iru mmiri climates, na ọxịdashọn usoro na-eme ngwa ngwa, na fọrọ nke nta dum awụba n'oké osimiri mineralized ahịhịa nke na-adịghị akpọkọtara ke ala humus. Na oyi climates mgbanwe awụba n'oké osimiri bit na-egbu oge, ha na ọnụ ọgụgụ obere, na-akpata obere ala humus ọdịnaya. Ezigbo maka humification bụ agafeghị oke climates enweghị waterlogging.

Ya mere, si n'elu anyị pụrụ inweta ihe kwesịrị ekwesị mmechi

1. iji nweta ezi owuwe ihe ubi, na osisi nanị kwesịrị carbon dioxide;
2. carbon dioxide na ala, na-na-kpụrụ decomposition nke anụmanụ na microbial osisi residues mmekọrịta na dị iche iche mmiri nke gburugburu ebe obibi (microorganisms, ụmụ ahụhụ, na ikpuru, dịkwa ka usoro ha, wdg);
3. recycled organic residues nke osisi, na ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ nje na ụdị humus humus, nke bụ ihe dị oké mkpa akụrụngwa nke ala ọmụmụ.

ọrụ nke humus

1. Physical ọrụ. Ọ na-emepụta a siri ike ala Ọdịdị, si otú na-enye a mma nrugharị mmiri chọrọ ikuku okpomọkụ ma na gaghị agara site ezi uto nke mgbọrọgwụ n'ime ala. Humus-emekwa ka na-enye coherence ìhè Ona na ala echikwapụ uko.
2. Chemical ọrụ. Ọ bụ oké ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nke nri. Dị ka a n'ihi nke dị iche iche na microorganisms humus erekasịchaala na oge (mineralization usoro), n'ihi na ntọhapụ nke ndị mkpọrọ na a nitrogen nime ya, site, potassium ndị ọzọ ọcha.
3. The ndu ọrụ. Humus-emepụta mma ọnọdụ maka mmepe na kwalitekwa emereme nke dị iche iche microorganisms.

ụdị humus

• Mor (humus podzolic ala). Humus ụdị bụ nnọọ ike ike, nwere nnukwu ego nke detritus, akpụ a ala ndu ọrụ na acidic ọnọdụ nke mmeghachi omume gburugburu ebe obibi.
• Moder (humus sod-podzolic ala), nke na-kpụrụ ke ufọt ndu ọrụ n'okpuru acidic mmeghachi omume na-ajụ na na-adịghị ike interactions na ịnweta ala.
• Mullen (chernozem humus) akpụ na nnọọ elu ndu ọrụ n'okpuru-anọpụ iche mmeghachi omume na-ajụ, ifịk ifịk interacts na ịnweta Ona.
• Anmoor (humus sod-gley ala), nke a na-guzobere a nwa oge Wetland o tinyere n'oru Ona.
• Aligotrofny peat, nke bụ "ogbenye na humus" bogs.
• The ikpeazụ ụdị - eutrofny peat, nke bụ "ọgaranya humus" fens.

Pụtara nke humus na ala ọmụmụ

Humus na-ifịk ke usoro nke ala guzobere. Ọ na-arụ ihe ndị kasị mkpa na na guzobe nke ala profaịlụ. Humus na-eme ka bonding nke ala ahụ n'ime aggregates (lumps), ọ na-emepụta a bara uru agronomic Ọdịdị na mma maka osisi ndụ anụ ahụ Njirimara nke ala. O nwere mkpa nri maka osisi na dị iche iche Chọpụta ọcha nke adị dị ka osisi mgbe mineralization usoro.

Humic bekee nri ala microorganisms. Na ọdịnaya nke humus ke ala na-adabere na osisi ike nke dị iche iche chemical na ndu Filiks na-eme ka ìgwè bekee mkpa maka osisi. Humus-emekwa ka na-enye ala a ọchịchịrị na agba, si otú ala mma-amịkọrọ anyanwụ ike.

The mejupụtara na Njirimara nke humus

Nke a fatịlaịza bụ a mgbagwoju ike mgbagwoju organic ogige nke na-guzobere n'oge decomposition dị iche iche organic residues.

Na mejupụtara nke ala humus bụ omume na-igbunye a kpọmkwem òkè (ihe dị ka 90%) esịnede humic bekee na-abụghị kpọmkwem òkè (na ike nke) esịnede negumifitsirovannyh organic bekee. Ala humic bekee, n'aka nke ya, ọkọnọ:

• humic asịd - elu molekụla ibu nitrogen-nwere organic ogige na-enwe a cyclic Ọdịdị, bụghị soluble na mmiri na asịd, ma soluble na-adịghị ike alkalis, nke humic acid gụnyere hydrocarbons (ihe dị ka 50%), hydrogen (5%), oxygen (40%), nitrogen (5%);
• humates, hiwere site na mmekọrịta nke humic asịd na ịnweta Ona; alkaline humates bụ ukwuu soluble na mmiri, si otú akpụ colloidal ngwọta; humates dị ka calcium na magnesium adịghị soluble na mmiri n'ụdị a mmiri na-eguzogide Ọdịdị;
• fulvic asịd - elu molekụla ibu nitrogen-nwere organic asịd etisasịwo mmiri, dị iche iche asịd na alkaline ngwọta, ke adianade do, ha na-soluble na ụfọdụ organic solvents; fulvic asịd nọ carbon, hydrogen, oxygen na nitrogen, bụkwa uru kwusịrị na ndị a asịd na-eme ka nọ n'ọrụ mbibi nke ịnweta ala.

Pụtara humus maka osisi

All ndị kpọkwara humic bekee ka na-amaghị, ka ndị na-esonụ bụ nanị ndị bụ isi, gbanyesiri mkpọrọgwụ ike na ozizi na omume.

N'ihi ya, humus - a fatịlaịza na-akwalite:

1. akpali respiration nke osisi ọbụna nnukwu ụkọ oxygen;
2. mma na-akọ ugbo na ngwaahịa;
3. welie photosynthesis, na-akpali ọrụ nke enzymes na na-emetụtachaghị photosynthetic mmeghachi omume;
4. ngwa ngwa iga na ikesa nri ozugbo n'ime osisi;
5. na mmepe nke osisi;
6. Ikpegara dịrị na akụrụ development;
7. resilience mpụga oghom mmetụta;
8. guzobere mụ ogige na ọla, ndị absorption nke phosphate, nitrate na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ;
9. acidity abawanye na mgbọrọgwụ na-ebupụta;
10. dịkwuo osisi iguzogide omume ọgwụ ahụhụ na ogwu ndi na belata ìgwè ha na ikpeazụ ngwaahịa.

The ojiji nke humic bekee na nkà mmụta ọgwụ

Dị ka ihe dị iche iche ule ekenịmde pharmacology mata ihe humus, ọgwụ ọjọọ, nke na-dabeere na-agụnye humic bekee nwere ike ji mee n'oge anyị ụmụ mmadụ na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa anụmanụ na nkà mmụta ọgwụ dị ka a na-abụghị kpọmkwem ọgwụ ọjọọ na-eme ka ahụ na-eguzogide mmetụta nke dị iche iche ihe ize ndụ.

Medical ọgwụ dabeere na humic bekee data taa ama adị na ahịa. Ha na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-eji na ọgwụgwọ nke sciatica dị iche iche nke ọrịa nke ntị na imi, pharyngitis, rhinitis, ogbu na nkwonkwo, ogbu na nkwonkwo, arthrosis na ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị ọzọ. The uru nke ndị a ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe bụ na ha na ndị na-abụghị na-egbu egbu.

Mysteries of humic bekee

Nke ahụ bịara a nkwubi okwu ezi uche nke akụkọ na bụ humus ala na ya guzobere, Njirimara na ọrụ. Naanị ihe m chọrọ tinye, ọ bụ a okwu ole na ole banyere ihe omimi nke humic bekee. Dị ka ọ maara nke ọma, ha na-adịghị peculiar ka a mgbe nile na-chemical mejupụtara, ha enweghị a kpọmkwem molekụla arọ na a mgbe nile na otu na agba. Humic bekee ka na-amụ site chemists, ala ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, hydrobiologists, ndị dọkịta, pharmacists, iji kọwaa niile omimi na-echekwara na ha, nke a na-Eburu amuma ga ịkọwa a otutu ihe.