Gịnị polymerization na organic onwu

Polymerization - a usoro nke na-anata otu ụdị amalite monomers nnukwu ụmụ irighiri. Ihe polima bụ a macromolecule na mejupụtara a zuru ezu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ugboro nkeji.

The isi ụdị nke polymerization

Anabatakwa a ajụjụ banyere ihe a polymerization onwu, anyị mara na nke a bụ mmeghachi omume na-ewe ke ọnụnọ nke a mkpali (usoro ome osooso).

Homopolymer - elu molekụla compound, nke na-enwetara na mkpakọrịta nke yiri amalite monomers.

Heteropolymer - mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa nke na mmekọrịta nke dị iche iche na-amalite ihe.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ polima

Nyere na polymerization - bụ a mgbagwoju chemical usoro, molekụla arọ nke polima-emepụta nwere ike a dị iche iche ọnụego. The elu-molekụla ogige bụ "ọgwụgwụ dị iche iche" na-dị iche iche si ugboro nkeji. Ìgwè ndị dị otú ẹdude ke polima Ọdịdị na a obere ego, ya mere ha anaghị atụle ọdịdị nke analysis of chemical na n'ụzọ anụ ahụ Njirimara nke dapụtara polymeric umi.

cationic polymerization

Gịnị bụ a cationic polymerization ụdị? Usoro a na-ewe ebe n'okpuru nduzi nke a Lewis acid (ngwakọta nke aluminum chloride, boron Fluoride, acid) site a usoro bụ nke yiri usoro nke electrophilic mgbakwunye na abụọ (abụọ) agbụ.

Ke akpa ogbo, ndị proton adianade alkenes, si otú na-akpụ a carbocation.

Ọzọkwa, n'ihi na electronic nkwurịta okwu, ọ na-abịa na kọntaktị ọzọ molekul nke ihe alkene, dị ka a N'ihi a carbocation a kpụrụ na-enwe a ogologo yinye.

Ugboro ugboro, nke usoro emee, si otú na-akpụ a carbocation enwe a elu molekụla arọ.

A elu puru nke odida nke a cationic center, nke nwere ike triggered site a nkewa si proton nke molekul.

atụ

Ka anyị tụlee ajụjụ nke ihe a polymerization onwu. Ihe Nlereanya nke usoro a na-e nyere dabeere na isobutylene polymerization. The usoro wee via a cationic usoro, ebe ọ bụ na elektrọn-enye onyinye chee alkyl otu.

Formation polyisobutylene yinye emee, nke mere na ọ na-kpụrụ na njedebe nke kacha anụ carbocation. N'ihi ya, e nwere ihe dị n'usoro annexation "isi na ọdụ."

Na-eduzi chemical mmekọrịta, fọrọ enweghị ọnụnọ nke mmiri, e guzobere a polima-enwe ogologo yinye.

Gịnị bụ polymerization nke nnọchiteanya klas nke unsaturated hydrocarbons? Ọ bụrụ na họrọ mkpali , lekwasị na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid, chọpụtara mgbe guzobe nke polymerization ngwakọta abụọ dimers. Mgbe na-interconnected abụọ ụmụ irighiri nke isobutylene, ihe na-emeghe circuit emee. Na nke a n'etiti mgbagwoju (carbo) enye ya proton mmiri tupu ya abanye mmekọrịta ọzọ molekul nke ihe unsaturated alkene.

The anionic polymerization

Gịnị bụ anionic polymerization nke a ụdị? Nke a usoro na-agụnye a alkene polymerization na otu njedebe nke multiple nkekọ. Polymerization bụ omume na agha nke ihe alkene molekul ụfọdụ nucleophilic reagents.

Ka ihe atụ, amide-anion mkpatụ na akrilonitratom abụọ nkekọ, n'ihi carbanion guzobere nke na-ezighị ezi ụgwọ na-metụtara nanị akụkụ ụfọdụ n'etiti cyanide na carbon atọm. Ọ bụrụ na mgbagwoju bụ anụ na-enwetara, ọ na-hụrụ na-esonụ accession alkene molekul.

Breakage ekwe omume na-eto eto ihe mkpalite eduga mkpochapu nke ọgwụgwụ na-adịghị mma-ndebe nke carbon yinye.

Free buu polymerization

Usoro maka ethylene polymerization nwere ike na-ebe ke ọnụnọ nke peroxides (na ubara nsogbu na elu okpomọkụ). Chain nchupu-akwalite recombination ma ọ bụ disproportionation radicals.

The hydrocarbon yinye polyethylene bụ ethylene ọtụtụ bughi nkeji. Ọ bụ nke a Ọdịdị e ji mara ndị bara uru Njirimara nke elu molekụla ibu ogige-eme ka ya dum ngwa imewe na ulo oru ọnụ ọgụgụ nkwakọ film. Ọzọkwa, polyethylene a chọrọ ka ike ihe site ịkpụzi, na nkedo.

N'ihe banyere free buu umu ke polymerization eto eto ọgwụgwụ ekwesịghị alkene ọ ga-ọkọnọ n'ụdị a ufọk ufene buu, na usoro na-anọchi anya ụdị "isi na ọdụ."

Na isobutylene na propylene polymerization bụghị a free buu usoro. All nke Polymers emepụta chemical ụlọ ọrụ, na-eji dị iche iche alaka nke injinịa, ahịa ọgwụ na ọgwụ. The kasị Polymers kwadebere si ethylene usoro unsaturated hydrocarbons bụ polyethylene onwe ya, dị ka nke ọma dị ka ya homologue - propylene.