Unsaturated hydrocarbons: alkenes, chemical Njirimara na ngwa

Alkenes - unsaturated hydrocarbons onye ụmụ irighiri n'etiti abụọ carbon atọm, otu abụọ nkekọ. Ha na-akpọkarị hydrocarbons ethylene series, n'ihi na ọ bụ a dị mfe nnọchiteanya ethylene NC2 = CH2. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị a hydrocarbons na-zoro olefins ka gaseous alkenes imeghachi omume na bromine ma ọ bụ chlorine etolite mmanu mmanu ogige ndị na-adịghị soluble n'ime mmiri. Okwu "alkenes" IUPAC nomenclature na-ewepụtara okwu "alkanes", ebe -otu suffix na-dochie anya suffix -ene, nke na-egosi ọnụnọ na molekul nke umi nke abụọ nkekọ.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons - alkenes: Ọdịdị

All alkenes atụle nkwekọrịta nke ethylene ma ọ bụ ethene - C2H4.

The ethylene molekul dere abụọ carbon atọm na anọ hydrogen atọm, nke unsaturated carbon atọm. Onye ọ bụla nke unsaturated carbon atọm hybridizes njedebe onye na abụọ pi-orbitals, na otu onye pi orbital foduru na "dị ọcha ụdị", na-enye kacha anya nke hybridized electronic orbitals. ha anyu-etolite 120 Celsius. Nke a na-emepụta na ezigbo ọnọdụ maka yitewere nke elektrọn orbitals. Atọ dị otú ahụ orbitals nke carbon atọm etolite atọ sigma nkekọ (abụọ C-H, C-C a). N'ihi ya, ethylene molekul ise sigma nkekọ nke na-metụtara nanị akụkụ ụfọdụ na otu ụgbọelu, akpụ n'etiti ha n'akuku nke 120 Celsius. P-electrons na-anọgide na "dị ọcha" na-etolite ọzọ jikọta carbon atọm. Kọwara electronic Ọdịdị nke ethylene ụmụ irighiri ahụkarị alkenes. Unsaturated hydrocarbons na-ahuta ka nkwekọrịta nke ethylene.

N'ihi alkene ji 2 ụdị isomerism - geometric na bughi.

Structural isomers nke alkenes amalite na butene C4H8. Ịmata ihe dị iche na ya variants - yinye isomerism (ma ọ bụ carbon ọkpụkpụ) na isomers pụrụ isi chọta nke abụọ nkekọ dị otú ahụ a circuit.

Geometric isomerism ruru mkpumkpu pụrụ isi chọta nke hydrogen substituents na molekul nke ethylene ikwu na ụgbọelu nke abụọ nkekọ. Unsaturated hydrocarbons bụ cis- na trans-isomers.

Alkenes na free ala bụ nnọọ obere ke uwa. Ha na-synthesized iji ọrụ mmepụta ihe na laabu Filiks.

Chemical Njirimara nke hydrocarbons: alkenes

Ha na-kpatara a abụọ jikọta carbon atọm na molekul nke ihe alkene.

The hydrogenation mmeghachi omume

Alkenes eme ngwa ngwa mgbakwunye nke hydrogen. Ọ na-adị na ọnụnọ nke akpali ma ọ bụ na kpo oku:

CH2 = CH2 = H2 H3C CH3

isonyere halides

The mmeghachi omume ha retara site na Markovnikov achị, i.e. site omume a hydrogen halide na akpàràkpà ụmụ irighiri alkenes hydrogen na kwukwara na ebe nke ndi orunótu nke abụọ nkekọ ọkacha mma na carbon atọm esote nke e nwere ndị ọzọ hydrogen atọm, a halogen atọm - na carbon atọm esote nke obere hydrogen atọm ma ọ bụ kpam kpam na ha anaghị adị:

CH3-Kra = CH2 + HC1-CH3-CH3-CHC1.

The ojiji nke hydrocarbons

Ethene - gas dissolves ọma na mmanya na-agụghị oké soluble na mmiri, na-agbawa agbawa.

Ha bụ ndị bara ọgaranya na cracking, haruru (ruo 20% nke ngụkọta ibu) na Coke oven gas (ihe dị 5%). Na laabu ụzọ nke akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nke ethylene kwadebere dehydrogenation nke ethane na ethanol. Etinyere nweta ethylene ethyl mmanya, vinyl chloride, ethylbenzyl, polyethylene, antifirizi elekọta mmadụ (bekee nke belata kefriza ebe mmiri na engines) na ndị ọzọ organic bekee. Na mmadụ na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa anụmanụ na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, ethylene na-eji dị ka ọgwụ Nwa na akuku - iji mee ngwangwa chaa mkpụrụ osisi (tomato, lemons, na ihe ndị yiri).

Propylene a nwetara ọnụ na ethylene na pyrolysis na cracking nke iche iche na ụdị mmanụ ala feedstock. Propylene - a akụrụngwa nke moto mmanụ ụgbọala. Ọ na-eji dị ka feedstock maka polypropylene, isopropylbenzyl, isopropyl mmanya. Na isopropanol, acetone, na isopropylbenzyl - acetone na phenol. Propylene eji dị a narcotic ọgwụ maka synthesizing acrylonitrile, cumene, butanol, wdg