Heterocyclic ogige: nomenclature na nhazi ọkwa

Heterocyclic compound (. Greek heteros - nke ọzọ, nke abụọ) - a na klas nke organic mgbanaka ogige ke cycles nke, na mgbakwunye na carbon atọm, nwere ihe atọm nke ọzọ chemical ọcha, a na-akpọ heteroatoms: oxygen (e.g., oghe na pyran), nitrogen (pyrrole na pyridine ), sọlfọ (thiophene tiofenaldegid, thiopyran, thiazole), selenium (selenophene) wdg

The heterocycles kpụrụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa carbon atọm na heteroatoms. Dị ka Flo Rida feat nke ozizi na-eguzogide ọgwụ heterocycles-abụ nanị ndị ahụ mgbe ndiiche valencies nke atọm akpụ yiri mgbaaka, bụ kasị nta n'akuku nke 109 ° 28 '. Dị ka ihe atụ, ihe ndị kasị-ejighị n'aka heterocyclic ogige bụ heterocycles na atọ-okwu, nke e nwere bụ kasị ụmụ irighiri dị ndiiche - 24 ° 44 '(ethylene oxide, Tioxide ethylene na ethyleneimine).

Heterocycles na-ekesa na ọdịdị. Ndị a gụnyere amino asịd (tryptophan, carnosine, histidine), imino asịd (proline na hydroxyproline), a purine (ebe adenin na Gwanine) na pyrimidine (agakọtakwa, uracil na-agakọta) bases, biologically mkpa umi ndụ okwu (heme, hemin, chlorophyll), alkaloids ( caffeine na atropine), ọgwụ nje (penicillin, gramicidin C, streptomycin), ọgwụ (norsulfazol na caffeine), sulfonamides (norsulfazol, streptocid), organic solvents (pyridine), carbohydrates, nucleic asịd, ndi na-edozi, homonụ, vitamin, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ mkpa bekee.

Nhazi ọkwa nke chemical ogige

The nhazi ọkwa dabeere na Ọdịdị nke heterocycles ya molekul nke carbon atọm na-bonded ka a heteroatom (hetero) na hydrogen atọm. Heterocycles na ha emepụta na-ekewa iche iche dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atọm akpụ mgbanaka (atọ-, four-, five-, isii membered, wdg). Na nke ọ bụla otu e nwere sub-dị iche iche na otu, abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ hetero atọm.

Heterocyclic ogige ọtụtụ mgbe kwuru na site akụkọ ihe mere eme nomenclature (pyridine, pyrrole, acridine). Mere eme aha kpụrụ aha ha nkwekọrịta (pyridine-4-carboxylic acid methylpyridine). Na-egosi ọnọdụ nke substituent atọm heterocycles nọmba. Nọmba a rụrụ site hetero atọm ma ọ bụ gosi akwụkwọ Grik nke mkpụrụ okwu, malite na ha gbara agbata obi carbon atọm na a heteroatom - Alfa, beta, gamma, wdg

Getorotsiklicheskie ogige: nomenclature

Mgbe akpọ nke heterocyclic ogige dị ka IUPAC nomenclature gua nọmba nke atọm na heterocycle, ya Ọdịdị, a pụrụ isi chọta nke substituents na ndị ọzọ na atụmatụ (e.g., furfural nwere Ịhazi aha oghe-2-carbaldehyde). Aha heterocyclic ogige gosiri na nkọwa Filiks n'ihi na ha nkwadebe, Njirimara na ụkpụrụ.

N'ihi heterocycles gụnyere oxides (e.g., ethylene oxide), anhydrides nke dibasic jupụta carboxylic asịd, wdg Kwụsie ike nke mbụ na-ewere heterocycles adabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke carbon atọm na molekul heterocycle nke heteroatoms na ya na ọnọdụ na heterocycle. Onye kasị nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-heterocyclic ogige esịnede atọ ma ọ bụ anọ cycles, nke na-adị mfe agbajikwa ma na-acyclic ogige. E nwere ọtụtụ nke heterocyclic ogige, na ụmụ irighiri ihe cycles nke ha anụ, yiri okirikiri benzenovogo isi. Ha bụ isi bughi mmewere nke ọtụtụ biosoedineny nke dị mkpa maka ụlọ ọrụ, na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa anụmanụ.

Chemistry nke Heterocyclic ogige

The chemical Njirimara nke ise membered (thiophene na nkwekọrịta ya) heterocycles n'ihi ọnụnọ ha molekul pi-usoro nke ngafe electrons, nke enwekwu ha aromaticity. E jiri ya tụnyere benzene thiophene mfe mkpatụ electrophilic nnọchi.