Carboxylic acid

Chemical organic compound, onye ụmụ irighiri nwere dịkarịa ala otu carboxyl ìgwè na ya Ọdịdị (ya kwekọọ carbonyl - ọtọ otu nke aldehydes na ketones, na hydroxyl - mmanya ọtọ otu) natara nkịtị aha - carboxylic acid. Formula ha nwere ike na-anọchi anya dị ka R-COOH, ebe R bụ a monovalent hydrocarbon ọtọ otu. Ọ bụla carboxylic acid, na iche na ọtụtụ inorganic asịd, na-adịghị ike na incompletely dissociated n'ime ion.

Dị ka mfe atụ bụ formic (methane) H-COOH acid. The aha na-ezo aka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mbụ ya nnata na 1670 nke red ndanda English n'okike John Ray. The carboxylic acid enwe abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa carboxyl iche iche ga na-akpọ dibasic (dicarboxylic), tribasic (ma ọ bụ tricarboxylic) na na. The mfe atụ bụ oxalic acid na ya usoro C2H2O4, na molekul nke nwere abụọ carboxyl iche iche. Ka shestiosnovnoy pụrụ iduga mellitic (geksakarbonovuyu) acid, ya usoro C12H6O12. The molekul nwere isii carboxyl iche iche na-anọchi na a benzene mgbanaka hydrogen atọm.

Organic asịd na-hụrụ na okike. Ka ihe atụ, geksakarbonovaya acid dị na mmanụ aṅụ na nkume dị na lignites).

E nwere ọtụtụ ihe dị mkpa eke ogige ke klas a. Ndị a gụnyere citric acid C6H8O7 (na-anọchi anya ọtụtụ nri nwekwara E330-E333), nke mbụ e nwetara site na-achaghị acha lemon ihe ọṅụṅụ na 1784 site na Swedish ọgwụ K. Scheele. Tartaric acid C4H6O6 bụ a nri mmako E334). Nke a carboxylic acid a na-ekesa na ọdịdị. Ọ na-e dere na ọhụrụ ihe ọṅụṅụ nke ọtụtụ mkpụrụ osisi.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-atụle ọ bụla homologous usoro nke organic ogige, na ọ e nwere mgbe nile mgbanwe Njirimara na-amụba molekụla arọ. Njirimara nke ọ bụla compound adabere na Ọdịdị nke ahụ ụmụ irighiri ihe, ya bụ, ọtụtụ n'ihe akowa ha isomerism carboxylic asịd. The mbụ nnọchiteanya nke homologous usoro kpụrụ si formic acid, gụnyere acetic na propionic, na-ezo aka a mmiri mmiri. Ha na-ji a pungent isi na ngwa ngwa soluble n'ime mmiri. The elu nnochite anya bụ solids nke na-adịghị igbari na mmiri.

Chemical Njirimara nke carboxylic asịd na-tumadi kpebisiri ike site mmetụta nke carbonyl ìgwè a hydroxyl otu. Ya mere, ndị a ogige, na iche na alcohols, nwere a akpọ acid agwa.

Ihe atụ, na okenye agbanwe agbanwe, ha nwere ike dissociate n'ime ion, nke na-egosi na mmiri mmiri agba? Mgbe agbakwunye litmus red. A na-egosi na ọnụnọ nke hydrogen cations. Nke ahụ bụ, na-ajụ ha okenye agbanwe agbanwe bụ acidic (onye Onyenwe anyị + na-erughị 7).

Mgbe inwe mmekọrịta na ọla ma ọ bụ bases ike nke na-akpụ carboxylic acid salts: 2CH3-COOH + mg → (CH3-Igba) 2Mg + H2 ↑.

Organic asịd nwekwara banye chemical Jeremaya mere na carbonates, displacing carbonic acid: 2CH3-COOH + MgCO3 → (CH3-Igba) 2Mg + H2O + CO2 ↑.

Ha ngwa ngwa na-eme na amonia etolite salts: CH3-COOH + NH3 → CH3-COONH4.

The acidic Njirimara na-enwekwukwa mgbe organic asịd bụ ugbu ke buu na a substituent ọjọọ inductive mmetụta. Ka ihe atụ, ihe nke chlorine na acetic acid nta nke nta dochie otu hydrogen atọm nke chlorine atọm na inweta chloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, na mgbe ahụ trichloroacetic acid, e nwere a nkọ na-abawanye na ha acidic Njirimara.

Ọ bụla carboxylic acid pụrụ inweta na ọtụtụ ụzọ. The kasị bụ usoro, nke dabeere na mmeghachi omume nke ọxịdashọn. Dị ka ndị mbụ ndebe nke reactants alcohols ma ọ bụ aldehydes. Ọzọ usoro nke na-amị organic asịd bụ hydrolysis nke nitriles eru site kpo oku ha na diluted ịnweta asịd.