Guzobere, Akụkọ
History of Smolensk. Nti eziokwu banyere Smolensk
History of Smolensk bụ nke mmasị ọ bụghị naanị ndị bi na ndị ọbịa obodo a. Ọ na-akara ọtụtụ ihe nke mba pụtara. Diamond isi obodo nke Russia, isi-obodo, obodo-dike, na-agbasa na 7 ugwu ... Mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ekwu okwu banyere Smolensk, ikwu okwu banyere ihe ndị mere dum Russia, n'ihi na ọ bụ ebe a na-gafere ebe abụọ na ụzọ anyị nna.
Tupu ị malite a akụkọ banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo, na-ekwu okwu ole na ole banyere ebe nke Smolensk. Ọ na-emi odude n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site Moscow, 378 km pụọ, na elu esịmde nke Dnieper. On ya n'ókèala bụ n'ụlọ ka banyere 330 puku. Man. Na map na-akara red Smolensk mpaghara.
A ọchịchọ ịmata atụmatụ nke obodo nke Smolensk
Smolensk bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ochie obodo Russia. Ọ bụ ya bụ ọgbọ Novgorod na Kiev tọrọ Moscow. History of Smolensk malitere n'afọ 863, mgbe obodo e wuru na ụzọ "si Vikings na Grik." Ọ na-echetara onwe ya ụlọ nsọ oge ochie, ndị nzere ụrọ mgbidi, ebe ewusiri ike ụlọ elu. Ndị a ncheta na ụlọ hụrụ ntoputa na mmepe nke Smolensk, na ya dum nke Russia. Ọ Smolensk Region bụ home Gagarin, Asimov, Glinka, Przewalski, Twardowski na ndị ọzọ na-na-mara n'èzí nke anyị na ala.
Mara mma nke ukwuu Smolensk center taa. The obodo ike ikpokọta a spirit n'oge ochie na modernity na-egbuke egbuke ike ikuku. Ọ ndụ taa ọrụ n'aka ndụ nke na-eto eto. E nwere a trendy nightlife, ọtụtụ mahadum na cinemas. The osisi tii, mma kọfị ụlọ ahịa na ụzụ Ogwe, n'ámá, anwụ na-acha, green ogige ntụrụndụ na Come nkuku nke n'afọ iri na ụma nke obodo, ya pulsation na iku ume.
Ekwu okwu nke Smolensk na Smolensk mpaghara, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ka ọ ghara iburu ọdịdị mee na ogige, ịma mma nke ndị mirror-dị ka elu nke ọdọ mmiri ndị na green ọhịa. Nature hụrụ ga-enwe ike na-ekuru ọhịa ikuku, ileta na-akpatụbeghị aka nkuku nke ọdịdị na ike ike dị na Smolensk Lakes - National Park.
Na-agbanwe agbanwe ka oge na-, obodo a bụ ka ike ịnọgide na-enwe a n'ógbè amara, oge ochie omenala na ọdịbendị ha pụrụ iche. The ikuku enye njirimara nke Smolensk eclectic nwata ndụ, na-eti isi, na oge ochie omenala.
Ntoputa nke Smolensk, mbụ peeji nke akụkọ ihe mere eme
Nke a obodo e hiwere na elu esịmde nke Dnieper River dị ka a agbụrụ center-Krivichy Slav. Smolensk History amalite na e kwuru banyere ya na ihe ndị mere n'ụbọchị Ustyug, nke Mgbagwoju si afọ 863. Na akụkọ banyere otú ndị squad Askold na dir wee maa ụlọikwuu na obodo nke eze, na-ekwu na obodo Smolensk nọ na "ito nke ukwuu ndị mmadụ." Na 882, e nwere a inweta of Prince Oleg a mmezi, nke e zoro aka na mbụ Novgorod Chronicle. History Smolensk akara site eziokwu na ọ bụ na njedebe nke IX narị afọ ghọrọ akụkụ nke Kievan rus, ma chịrị vechem ruo ogologo oge mgbe na. The ndetu nke Konstantina Bagryanorodnogo (Byzantium Emperor) metụtara n'etiti X narị afọ, obodo a na-akpọ, na Kiev e wusiri ike.
Smolensk na XI-XII ọtụtụ narị afọ
Mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1054 Yaroslav Mudry, mgbe Smolensk tọrọ eze ụmụ ya: Vyacheslav mbụ, na mgbe ya - Igor.
Anyị nwere mmasị obodo na njedebe nke XI narị afọ na-aghọ a kpọmkwem obodo Vladimira Monomaha, nke o natara na mgbakwunye Pereyaslavl South, ya ochie "fiefdom." Smolensk ihe gbasara onye isi nke nwetara na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị onwe mgbe Rostislav Mstislavovich, nwa nwa Monomakh. Rostislav hedged na 1134 Smolensk townsmen wusiri ike. N'oge ahụ, ndị obodo ama nnọọ nnukwu. Ọ E duziri kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nkume na-ewu iso n'okpuru ya ndikom Rostislav Mstislavovich - Roman, na a obere ezumike Knyazhye 1160 site 1180, na David (site na 1180 site na 1197). Na Smolensk, site na njedebe nke XII narị afọ, e nwere ihe onwe ha ụkpụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ.
On mma teren ihe tinyere Dnieper River, anyị nwere nnukwu obodo mepere emepe na ndị mọnk ụka, townsmen na ndi-isi nke chọọchị ahụ, dị ka nke ọma dị ka episcopal ụka. Nke a kere a mara mma Gburugburu nke Smolensk, mere na ahia nke ndị si ná mba ọzọ, na-adịgide adịgide echiche.
ọgụgụ isi ndụ nke obodo
Literature na Culture n'oge ahụ ruru a elu larịị. Mgbe ụlọ nsọ e kere noo na nke ha depụtaghachiri akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ na-akụziri Latin na Grik. Ndị a ukwuu ụbụrụ na-aghọ ndị ahụ Smolensk ala, dị ka Clement Smolyatich, bú ode-akwukwọ na ọkà ihe ọmụma, bụ ndị a họpụtara Metropolitan nke Kiev na 1147, na Rev. Avraamiy Smolensky, "onyinye nke ịzụ atụrụ na-elekọta" na "mmụta" nke a na-eme ememe na dị iche iche na ya dịkọrọ ndụ.
Development nke crafts na ahia, mbuso agha nke Batu
Emepe emepe crafts na ahia. Na 1229 anyị kwubiri a nkwekorita na Gotland, Riga na ugwu-German obodo. Nke a na nkwekọrịta a maara dị ka "Smolensk trading eziokwu." Mgbe ndikan a detachment nke Batu na 1239, Smolensk gbapuru na Mongol mbibi, ọ bụ ezie na ha ekemende aghaghị ịkwụ ụgwọ ụtụ ahụ Golden Horde. Na-akwagharị akwagharị na 1339 nwara weghara na-enupụ isi obodo ọzọ, ma hụ ike wusiri ike na saịtị ebe Smolensk gbaghachi azụ.
Smolensk dị ka akụkụ nke Duchy nke Lithuania
Nke a obodo si XIV narị afọ n'okpuru nsogbu Lithuania. Vytautas, Grand Duke nke Lithuania, na 1404 aghụghọ weghaara Smolensk mgbe ọnwa abụọ nnọchibido. Na 1410 Smolensk, ịbụ ama a akụkụ nke Duchy nke Lithuania, sonye Agha nke Grunwald. The brunt nke Teutons we atọ nke Smolensk ndi agha, bụ ndị na etiti ndị agha nke Slavic iche iche. Ha lụrụ agha iji ọnwụ, na-eche na, n'eziokwu, ihe ga-esi a agha.
Ntọhapụ nke Smolensk, obodo mmepe na XVI na narị afọ
Mgbe Prince Vasily III na 1514 Smolensk e wepụtara. Ọ ghọrọ akụkụ nke Muscovy. Mgbe Ivan egwu n'etiti nke XVI narị afọ, ọ na-guzobere na ụrọ aro ọhụrụ oak e wusiri ike. Posad ndị Dnieper ukwu gbasaa, na-egosi na ekpe mben ọhụrụ abụọ na ógbè - na Churilovskaya Rachevsky. John Kobentsel ala ọzọ, nke na 1575 gara obodo, e jiri ya tụnyere uru nke ya Rome. Polish-Lithuanian agha, na-efunahụ nke ebe e wusiri ike, putara ighe ha mkpa, ugboro ugboro nwara ileghari obodo. The mkpebi ike na-eche nche nke dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ala nke obodo e weere na njedebe nke XVI narị afọ. Na Smolensk, a dị ike na ebe e wusiri ike mgbidi e wuru na 1596-1602 afọ.
mbuso agha nke okporo osisi
City na-anọchi afọ 1609-1611 dvadtsatimesyachnuyu nnọchibido, nke o doro ndị agha nke Sigismund III of, ndị Polish eze. Ke Untitled akwụkwọ ozi nke a na-akpọ agha ndị mwakpo ya, e kwuru na ọ bụrụ na Russian ala bụ dịkarịa ala, a ole na ole nke ndị a "krepkostoyatelnyh obodo", ndị iro ga-nepovadno tinye Russian ala. N'Ejighị Smolensk dara na June 1611. Naanị afọ 43 mgbe e mesịrị, n'oge ọchịchị Alexei Mikhailovich, a tọhapụrụ site na okporo osisi ma ọ akpatre ba Russian ala.
Great Northern War na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo
Smolensk n'oge Akwa Northern Agha bụ otu ugboro ọzọ na ụzọ nke na-emeri emeri. Ugboro ugboro m bịara ebe a site Peter m, na ihe omume nke mbuso agha nke Swedes e wusiri ike n'obodo. Nke a eze ukwu na October 1708 na City Hall eze zutere Russian agha, onye meriri n'obodo nta bụ Forest ndị gara enyemaka nke Charles XII Swedish agha n'okpuru iwu nke General Lewenhaupt.
The ọhụrụ ọnọdụ
Anyị nwere mmasị obodo na 1708 natara a ọhụrụ ọnọdụ - ọnọdụ nke a n'ógbè obodo. The oge ochie uwe nke ogwe aka nke Smolensk, nke na-egosi a egbe na a nnụnụ nke paradise nọ n'elu ya mma na 1780. Na na ala nke ọlaọcha teepu taa na motto: "otuto ebe e wusiri ike". Modern uwe Smolensk ọkọnọ n'okpuru.
The akụkọ ihe mere eme reunification nke abụọ agha nso Smolensk
Na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Smolensk dere a kedike page na 1812. 1st na 2nd Russian agha alaghachi azụ si n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ala mgbe mbuso agha nke Napoleon, sonyere na Smolensk. The French na-zutere mmegide kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ si na Russian: na mgbidi na bastions nke onye iro agha, jiri obi ike gosipụtara Russian agha. Jikọọ ndị agha Bagration na Barclay de Tolly na Smolensk Napoleon akwusila atụmatụ imeri ha otu otu. N'ọtụtụ ụzọ, nke a bụ ihe kpebisiri ike pụta nke Agha nke Borodino (ọchịagha na ndị isi - Kutuzov).
Agha nke Smolensk: nkọwa
French ndị agha ahụ ga na n'agbanyeghị ihe bụ ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke eze ukwu (Aug. 4) banye obodo a. Na ebe a na August 4-5 wee ebe Agha nke Smolensk. Ọtụtụ narị grenade na nuclei, ọtụtụ puku ndị mgbọ na-asa obodo. The French fọrọ nke nta mụtara Molohovskimi n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá. Ma enyemaka rutere, na oge na gwụrụ nke mgbidi, Russian ụkwụ nke ekpe mmiri juru nke French. Ọzọkwa n'ebe ọzọ dike nke Smolensk agha kwụsịrị agha. Anyị wee akụkụ ke Agha nke ọtụtụ obodo, na-ebu unan obodo isi na inye ndị agha. Enweghị atụ egwu nuclear, nwanyi mere ka bọket mmiri ike gwụrụ ndị agha. N'ihi na a ogologo oge wee na-agbachitere nke Smolensk. The French ọzọ na ọzọ bugara oké ifufe obodo, ma mgbe nile na o nweghị isi. Mgbe ahụ eze ukwu Napoleon nyere ya iwu na-amụnye a bọmbụ, na obodo wee na-agba ọkụ ọkụ.
August 6 n'ụtụtụ wee French, na-enweghị egwu ke efu Smolensk. Na Nikolsky Gate m chụpụrụ Napoleon. Emperor agha 4 ụbọchị gasịrị gara Moscow. Otú ọ dị, ndị agha Russia Igbere, na gbaghachi azụ. Russian agha na Borodino ubi, mmụọ nsọ site ọnụnọ nke ọnụ ụzọ ámá na akara ngosi nke Nne nke Chineke na ha n'ohu (ọ na-eyi na ha mara ụlọikwuu tupu agha), abụrụ ọgụ nke French. Bonaparte ghọtara mgbe ike nke Russian spirit.
Nloghachi nke Napoleon
Napoleon 2 ọnwa mgbe kpọọ nke Smolensk ọsọ ama azụ na ya agụụ na-agụ agha. O wee na-ụkwụ Smolensk October 28 n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá Dnepropetrovsk enweghị ihe ọ bụla ememe, na oké ụzọ. Dị ka tupu, obodo tọgbọ chakoo. Agụụ na oyi na-atụ, na e zutere remnants nke ndị agha ya. Napoleon, infuriated a ma nye iwu ịfụ n'elu mgbidi nke obodo, na-egbu egbu maka ya, na-ekpe ya na-agba ọsọ na. Na ikuku elu 9 Smolensk elu. Site n'okpuru ndị ọzọ wee nnapụta Russian Rangers jisiri wepụ owú.
Smolensk ná mmalite XX narị afọ
Smolensk ka mmalite nke XX narị afọ a osisi n'ógbè obodo. Naanị 283 nke 2.698 ụlọ ndị nkume. Na obodo a, dị ka ọnụ nke 1881, e nwere ndị 33,9 puku. People. 40 chọọchị nakwa ebe obibi mere Smolensk. N'abalị nke October 31, 1917, rụpụtara tupu revolutionary akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo a. Ọ malitere ọhụrụ page - Soviet Smolensk. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ndị obodo Bolsheviks, a mara ọkwa na nguzobe nke Soviet ike na obodo. Na-abịa na mbibi, na mgbe mweghachi nke aku na uba, ndị monstrous Stalinist ada n'oge Nazi arụ.
The Great Agha Ịhụ Mba n'Anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo
Smolensk na June 1941, bụ na ụzọ nke isi igbu nke German agha. Arọ-alụ ọgụ maka ndị obodo ahụ were izu abụọ. Ogologo oge agbachitere Smolensk emewo ka eziokwu na àmụmà kpọọ nke isi obodo plan e mebiri. Ebe a na-German agha na nke mbụ ahụ n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na-amanye na-aga na ihe iji chebe onwe.
Na 1943, 25 September, e nwere a agha na Smolensk, dị ka a N'ihi nke obodo a tọhapụrụ. The agha emewo ka oké nhụjuanya n'ala. Military Smolensk ahụhụ arọ losses. Fọrọ nke nta ka isi nke onye iro bibiri obodo ahụ. Liberators nke 157 puku bi bi ebe a tupu agha ahụ, na-echere naanị 13 puku ndị mmadụ.
"Key City"
Smolensk, na-aga site niile dakwara ya òkè nke ordeals, ka nọgidere na a pụrụ iche anya. E wusiri ike mgbidi na oge ochie ụlọ arụsị, obi umeala mgbidi a wụrụ awụ na ebube ncheta - ka a milestone ná ndụ ya, jikọrọ mba anyị ọdịnihu. Smolensk, ndụ ọkụ ọkụ, mbuso agha nke onye-iro mbibi, nweela maara aha nche ala nke Russian ala, ọ na-a nnọchianya nke Russian ịhụ mba n'anya na nnọgidesi ike. Ọ bụghị n'ihi na ọ dịghị akpọ a isi-obodo.
Historical Museums nke Smolensk
Taa, bụ obodo akụkọ ihe mere eme na ị nwere ike ịme ya ka a ngosi nka. Nke a Historical Museum, "St. Petersburg - Russian Shield" (nọchiri n'okpuru), "Smolensk na Great Agha Ịhụ Mba n'Anya 1941-1945". Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha na ha onwe ha nwere mmasị. Historical Museum ga-agwa gị banyere gara aga nke obodo si prehistoric ugboro na XX narị afọ. "St. Petersburg - Russian ọta" bụ na Égbè Eluigwe ụlọ elu, nke bụ akụkụ nke Smolensk ebe e wusiri ike mgbidi.
Site na ịga na saịtị a, ị pụrụ ịhụ na gị onwe gị anya pụrụ iche ime nke ulo-elu, ịrị elu ya nkpoda na warara steepụ n'ime na-enwe mmasị na osisi kanopi, nakwa dị ka ịmụta banyere agha na ama ebe a na XVI-na Asaa ọtụtụ narị afọ, ma ndị na-ewu nke ebe e wusiri ike mgbidi.
"Smolensk na WWII" - a ngosi nka dị na ụlọ n'oge gara ekesịpde site City Ndị mmadụ School, wuru na 1912. Construction nke ụlọ a raara nye otu narị ncheta nke mmeri Napoleon. May 8, 2015 ngosi nka e meghere mgbe nwughari.
Site na ịga na ndị a ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Smolensk, ị ga na-eche ihe mere eme nke obodo, na-amụta a ọtụtụ ndị ọhụrụ na-akpali ihe banyere ya.
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