I-180 (Agha): nke akụkọ ntolite nke ugbo elu, ọnwụ nke Valery Chkalov

Ụgbọelu-180 (alụso na atụ bọmbụ) e mepụtara na OKB Polikarpov. Site na oge o nwere magburu onwe ụgbọ elu e ji mara, nwere ike na-ebu on board 200 kg bọmbụ na e onwem na anọ synchronously na-agba égbè.

History nke e kere eke

Maara nke ọma Soviet mmebe Nikolay Nikolaevich Polikarpov mgbe nọrọ n'ebe ahụ. O doro anya ghọtara na budata melite ụgbọ elu data kwesịrị a dị ike engine. Agha-monoplane I-16, mepụtara ya na 1932 na bụ na ọrụ ndị Soviet Air Force, mgbe 5 afọ agaghịkwa izute n'oge a chọrọ.

Polikarpov, na 1936, malitere iche echiche banyere otú ime ka a dị oké njọ mgbanwe nke m na-16 na isi engine M-62. Ma ọ emeghị ihe a echiche, dị ka anya Zaporozhye osisi nọmba 29, guzosie ike ẹkedori ọhụrụ engines M-88, nke nwere ikike ukwuu nso ka chọrọ. N'ihi ya, e nwere oru I-164 na 165. N'otu oge na ịghasa factory e nyere ya iwu ịzụlite a agbanwe pitch propela. N'agbanyeghị nke a, mgbe ahụ isi nke Air Force na-adịghị nwetụrụ mmasị na ugbo elu. Ya mere, e nwere a mkpebi na imewe nke ọzọ fighter.

The ọhụrụ ugbo elu

Polikarpov Design Bureau malitere emebe. The ọhụrụ mmepe e wepụtara I-180. The fighter dị njikere site February 1938 na m ga-asị na n'ozuzu imewe nke I-180 dị nnọọ ka m na-16, ma ubé ibu na size. Ná mmalite ha zubere iji kwadebe ụgbọ elu na anọ synchronously na-agba égbè, na mgbe e mesịrị na-eji dochie ha ma ọ bụ nnukwu caliber egbe.

Mgbe nyefe nke OKB Polikarpov, osisi nọmba 156 e nwere otu ihe oghom ọnọdụ, nke na-adịghị eme ka àgwà na ngwa ngwa mmepụta nke chọrọ akụkụ. The eziokwu na mbụ nke enterprise tumadi aku ntọhapụ nke nnukwu ugbo elu, ma ugbu a, o nwere ngwa ngwa ịzụlite technology na-emepụta ọzọ ìhè fighter.

The mbụ ọdịda

Ntọhapụ nke a igwe ya na-elekọta Chief Belyaykin management. M ga-asị na ọ na-awara rụchaa nzukọ ndị mmadụ dị ka ngwa ngwa o kwere omume, na e nwere mgbe ọ na-etinye aka na na mmepụta usoro. Ihe omume ndị a mere ka mmezi nervousness na ọrụ dị ka ndị Bureau na nke osisi dị ka a dum. A ịrịba onyinye osooso nke ọrụ na mere a director nke ụlọ ọrụ MA Usachev. Ya mere, ugbo elu e wuru na November 1938

Ná mmalite December ka ụgbọala a juputara nyochara, mgbe nke ọ hụrụ ma ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ na-erughị, na dị ka ọtụtụ dị ka 190 ntụpọ (!), 40 nke na-hụrụ na motooborudovanii. Ma na ọtụtụ flaws na e wepụtara na I-180. Agha ka ẹka airfield mbụ tutu amama na ụlọ ahịa, ọtụtụ n'ime ha.

M ga-asị na ndị na-emepụta onwe ha warplanes bụ mgbe niile nnọọ mwute ma na-achọ àgwà ha ngo, gbakwunyere na ha, karịa onye ọ bụla ọzọ, mara price nke a technical njehie. Ọ bụ ya mere Polikarpov dị ka o nwere ike mkpesa megide ngwa ngwa na nkwadebe ụmụ ha ka ndị mbụ ule, n'ihi na nke ọ kwụsịtụrụ si n'ihu ọrụ.

egbu egbu ukem ini

Winter 1938 Valeriya Pavlovicha Chkalova ngwa ngwa chetara si ezumike. Ime ka: anwale a ọhụrụ ụgbọelu-180. Agha zubere iji nwalee December 15, ma ya mbụ jog ẹkenịmde ụbọchị atọ tupu mgbe. Ọ mata a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ntụpọ, tinyere breakage hụrụ na traction akara Gaza. Nsogbu-edozi, na ụbọchị nke mbụ ụgbọ elu na-anọgide na-agbanweghi agbanwe. Na ọnọdụ, agbala Tchkalov a iwu ofufe n'elu airfield na 600 m 10-15 nkeji na ala-enweghị wepụ Chassis, nke ọzọ bụ mkpọchi na eve.

M ga-asị na tupu fateful ụbọchị na Moscow a izu ole na ole, na ihu igwe dị njọ. Ụtụtụ, obodo na-abịa ala oké foogu, mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-snowing. Air okpomọkụ dị malite si 0 ka -2⁰C. Otú ọ dị, ule ụbọchị elu-igwe sụrụ. Bright anwụ, ma okpomọkụ ama esịn ka -27 ⁰ C. Nke a na mberede mgbanwe e-atụ anya, ma a na ndokwa ụgbọ elu na-adịghị kagbuo.

December 15, dị ka na mbụ na mbụ ule prototypes, niile ọpụpụ E gbochiri ya, na airfield ọrụ adịghị rụrụ a na ụbọchị. I-180 guzo hanga. The ikpeazụ preparations maka a ule ụgbọ elu nke ugbo elu: n'ịnyịnya akara ngwaọrụ na ndị dị mkpa nkeji, gụnyere blinds. Aga na-arụ ọrụ, Chkalov jụrụ ogologo oge ọ ga-ewe iji wụnye ha. O kwuru na ihe dị ka 2-3 awa, ma eleghị anya, aba. Ndị dị otú ahụ a na-edochaghị anya azịza anabataghị Valery Pavlovich, onye chọpụtara na ụgbọ elu na ụbọchị ghara emeela ebe ebe ọ bụ oyi, na ọ nọ na-enweta ọchịchịrị nnọọ n'oge. O kpebiri ofufe na-enweghị wụnye blinds, eleghị anya, na-enwe olileanya maka a mma pụta nke ule.

Ọnwụ pilot № 1

Mbụ gburugburu nke pilot mere ihe e nyere ya iwu: ebili n'ime ikuku, ọ ama n'elu airfield n'ebe ịdị elu nke 500-600 m O wee na abụọ gbaa gburugburu, ma n'ebe ịdị elu nke 2-2.5 puku mita na na a dị anya ọdụ ụgbọ .. . Mgbe o selatara na gas malitere ojuju, mbiba ala ụgbọelu, ndị engine stalled. The airfield bụ kwa n'ebe dị anya, a pụrụ ịhụ na ala nke residential n'ogige na elu radio mpi.

Dị ka a maara, ụgbọelu bu mkpọchi na Chassis, na mgbe ọ malitere-ada, Chkalov ghọtara na ha nwere ike na-emetụ na n'elu ụlọ nke otu n'ime n'ogige ndị agha, ebe n'oge ahụ, dịcha, e nwere ndị. Ọzọ pilot ike banyere ya na-eche banyere ya, e wezụga ụlọ ga-eleghị anya banye ihe otiti. Otú ọ dị, Chkalov kpebiri iwezuga onwe, na ugbo elu na-inoperative engine jiri n'ime a elu-voltaji metal support.

Chkalov ike ịkpatara ndị ẹsịn si tagzi na njikwa. Ada ada, na-pilot kụrụ ya n'isi. The unan ndị na-emegide ndụ, na mgbe 2 awa, ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ na-Botkin Hospital. Chkalov si olili ozu ada itie ke Moscow. The on na ntụ ya ka na Kremlin mgbidi.

Na-akpata ọdachi

Ọnwụ nke Valery Chkalov ozugbo anana-a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke asịrị na akụkọ na-emeghị. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na e nwere ihe ukara ọgwụgwụ mere a pụrụ iche na ọrụ ichoputa ọdachi, e nwere nsụgharị ndị ọzọ na-abịa ala otu ajụjụ: ma ọ bụ a na-egbu egbu Nchikota ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ na pilot ghọrọ onye ajọ omume na ọ dị nnọọ gburu?

. Ụlọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na 1938 na 1955, e mere dị iche iche kwuru, ma otu ihe na ha bụ ndị olu: mberede mere n'ihi engine fighter hypothermia, nakwa dị ka njehie na trotul akara ngwaọrụ. Ke adianade do, a abụọ nchoputa gosiri na ọtụtụ akụkụ nke igwe ha na-na ọ dịghị mgbe a nwalere na ikuku. Si niile a kwuo na ugbo elu Polikarpov I-180 na oge nke ya mbụ ọpụpụ e underfulfilled ruru ka oké ngwa ngwa ịchịkwa usoro nke elu ozu, nke mere ka ihe irreparable ọdachi.

The abụọ ụgbọelu okuku

Otú ọ dị, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ugbo elu I-180 akwụsịghị n'ebe ahụ. The ule gara n'ihu. Site February 1939 nke abụọ prototype e wuru fighter. Ọ bụ ihe fọrọ indistinguishable si aga otu, ma e wezụga na zaa ebe na nku ya e ubé mụbara, kama na moto M-88 e arụnyere na osisi a na-ewere ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na M-87A.

The mbụ ụgbọ elu nke kwalite igwe e mere na April 27 nke otu afọ. Ya piloted S. P. Suprun. Nke a oge niile wee na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla substantive comments. N'ihi nke a obi ike na ugbo elu Polikarpov ụba nke na fighter ọbụna abuana ke ememe nke May 1 na-ama n'elu Red Square. Otú ọ dị, ná mmalite September I-180 jiri ọzọ, nke a oge gburu ule pilot Tomas Pavlovich Suzi. Mgbe ụgbọelu malitere ịbanye a atụ ogho, ndị pilot wupu nke ụgbọ ala na-enweghị na-emeghe parachute.

N'oge na mgbe ọdachi, a pụrụ iche na ọrụ ahụ bụ omume nke na-akpata ihe okuku a na-akpọ mbibi nke mmanụ oyi nke mgbanaka, dị ka dum ụlọ, nakwa dị ka ihu na overalls ụgbọelu na-splashed mmanụ.

Mwepụ si mmepụta

otu ụgbọ elu e wuru na-esonụ afọ, ma ya ahụmahụ ọjọọ n'elu ngwa ngwa. Ná mmalite nke July 1940 ule pilot Proshakov mehiere n'oge piloting na a manyere ịhapụ osisi na a parachute. Ọzọ ọrụ a, n'oge a na-ahụghị ihe ọ bụla ntụpọ, na ụta maka ọnwụ nke igwe e n'ụzọ zuru ezu kenyere pilot.

Mgbe nke a mere, anyị wuru ọzọ mgbanwe nke ugbo elu - "I-180 Standard". Ọ agbanweela a ọtụtụ mgbanwe, gụnyere na ya dochie ochie moto M-87A na ọhụrụ M-88A. Ya na-eme atụmatụ na-agba ga-590 km / h, na mgbe wụnye a ọzọ dị ike engine M-89, na niile ruru 650 km / h. Ma akụkọ dị n'elu I-180, dị ka December nke otu afọ e nwere iji maka cessation nke ọrụ na a ugbo elu. All emechaghi igwe, nke e tinyere n'ime mmepụta mbụ, we ga hapụrụ. Site na oge malitere ịpụta ndị ọzọ ụdị Soviet alụso onye chụpụrụ ndị na-emezughị oru ngo.

The ọhụrụ fighter

The ọzọ development bụ ụgbọelu Polikarpov OKB-185. The nchikota nke niile e ji mara nke a fighter karịrị ma Soviet na mba ọzọ pistin igwe nke oge. ọtụtụ ugbo elu e wuru na dị iche iche engines. November 18, 1942, ha wee na-ala ule, nke na-eduzi ụgbọelu P. M Stefanovsky. N'oge na ụgbọ elu na ugbo elu gosiri nti utịp na e akwadoro maka igba egbe n'ime mmepụta.

April 5, 1943 n'oge ule mere ịkwụsị engine, na-eme ọnwụ nke pilot VA Stepanchonok. Site niile akaụntụ, ọdachi a ghọrọ egbu maka ugbo elu I-185 - na ọ dịghị mgbe na-etinye n'ime mmepụta, ma kama malitere izukọta na factory La-5FN. Mgbe ahụ Edo emepe ụgbọelu ọzọ - I-188, ma n'oge na-adịghị niile ọrụ e kwụsịrị n'ihi ọnwụ nke onye-isi mmebe N. N. Polikarpova.