Ihe Nlereanya nke Semiconductors. Ụdị, Njirimara, ndị bara uru ngwa

The kasị ama bụ okporo ọkụ sịlịkọn (Si). Ma e wezụga ya, e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe Nlereanya bụ eke, dị okporo ọkụ ihe dị ka blende (ZnS), cuprite (Cu ₂ O), galena (PBS) na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. The ezinụlọ Semiconductors, gụnyere Semiconductors kwadebere laboratories, na-anọchite anya otu n'ime ndị kasị iche iche na klas nke ihe mara mmadụ.

Akparamagwa nke Semiconductors

Nke 104 ọcha nke oge table bụ ọla 79, 25 - nonmetals site na nke 13 chemical ọcha nwere semiconducting Njirimara na 12 - dielectric. Main okporo ọkụ feature mejupụtara na ha conductivity enwekwu budata na-amụba okpomọkụ. Na ala okpomọkụ, ha na-akpa àgwà dị ka insulators, na na elu - dị ka na-eduzi. Ndị a Semiconductors dị iche metal: metal eguzogide enwekwu proportionally na-abawanye na okpomọkụ.

Ọzọ dị iche si okporo ọkụ metal bụ na ndị na-eguzogide nke okporo ọkụ mbelata n'okpuru nduzi nke ìhè, mgbe ha nọ na nke ikpeazụ na-metal na-adịghị emetụta. Ọzọkwa conductivity nke Semiconductors dịgasị mgbe ndinọ ka a obere ego nke adịghị ọcha.

Semiconductors ẹkụt ke otu chemical ogige dị iche iche na crystal owuwu. Ndị a nwere ike ọcha dị ka sịlịkọn na selenium, ma ọ bụ abụọ ogige dị ka gallium arsenide. Ọtụtụ organic ogige, dị ka polyacetylene, (Kra) _n, - okporo ọkụ ihe. Ụfọdụ Semiconductors igosipụta magnetik (CD _1-x igwe _x Te) ma ọ bụ ferroelectric Njirimara (SbSI). Ọzọ alloying zuru ezu ibu superconductors (GeTe na SrTiO _3). Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị chọtara ọhụrụ elu-okpomọkụ superconductors nwere dara semiconducting adọ. Ka ihe atụ, La ₂ CuO ₄ bụ a okporo ọkụ, ma guzobe nke alloy na SR aghọ sverhrovodnikom (La _1-x SR _{x) 2} CuO _4.

Physics Akwụkwọ enye definition dị ka okporo ọkụ ihe onwunwe na ihe ọkụ resistivity nke si 10 ^-4 10 ⁷ ohms · m. Ikekwe, ihe ọzọ definition. The obosara nke a machibidoro iwu gbalaga nke okporo ọkụ - si 0 3 eV. Ọla na semimetals - a ihe onwunwe na efu ike ọdịiche, na umi nke ọ karịa W eV akpọ insulators. E nwere wezụga. Dị ka ihe atụ, a okporo ọkụ diamond nwere obosara nso mpaghara 6 eV, a ọkara-egbochi ihe GaAs - 1,5 eV. Gan, a ihe optoelectronic ngwaọrụ ke-acha anụnụ anụnụ na mpaghara, nwere a machibidoro iwu gbalaga obosara nke 3.5 eV.

ike ọdịiche

Valence orbitals nke atọm na crystal lattice na-kewara abụọ dị iche iche nke ike na ọkwa - a free mpaghara, nsogbu ke kasị elu larịị, na-ekpebi eletriki conductivity nke Semiconductors, na valence gbalaga, n'okpuru. Ndị a na-etoju, dabere na symmetry nke crystal lattice Ọdịdị na atọm ike irutu ma ọ bụ na-spaced ọ bụla ọzọ. Na nke ikpeazụ ahụ, e nwere ihe ike ọdịiche, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ okwu, n'etiti machibidoro iwu gbalaga zones.

The ọnọdụ na ndochi larịị kpebisiri ike site conductive Njirimara nke ihe onwunwe. Dị ka nke a mma umi kewara ekewa site na-eduzi, insulators, na Semiconductors. The obosara nke a machibidoro iwu gbalaga nke okporo ọkụ dịgasị 0.01-3 eV, ume ọdịiche nke dielectric karịa 3 eV. Ọla ruru ka yitewere nke ike gaps etoju na-adịghị.

Semiconductors na insulators, na iche ọla, ndị electrons na-ejupụta valence gbalaga na kacha nso free mpaghara, ma ọ bụ ndị conduction gbalaga, na valence ume ewusiri ike si agbawa - òkè nke machibidoro iwu ume nke electrons.

Na dielectrics thermal ume ma ọ bụ negligible electric ubi bụghị iji mee ka ndị na-awụlikwa elu site na nke a ọdịiche, na electrons bụghị n'okpuru ndị conduction gbalaga. Ha na-enweghị ike ịgagharị site crystal lattice na-ebu ihe ndị eletrik.

Iji nwee ume eletriki conductivity, ihe elektrọn na valence larịị e kwesịrị ume, nke ga-ezuru iji merie ike ọdịiche. Naanị mgbe ego nke ume absorption bụghị nta karịa uru nke ike ọdịiche, ga-agafe si valence elektrọn larịị na conduction larịị.

Na ikpe, ma ọ bụrụ na obosara nke ike ọdịiche karịa 4 eV, conductivity okporo ọkụ excitation irradiation ma ọ bụ kpo oku bụ fọrọ nke nta agaghị ekwe omume - na excitation ike nke electrons na-agbaze okpomọkụ bụ zuru ezu na-awụlikwa elu na ike ọdịiche site na mpaghara. Mgbe ewe iwe, na crystal agbaze tupu electronic conductivity. Dị otú ahụ bekee gụnyere quartz (De = 5,2 eV), diamond (De = 5,1 eV), ọtụtụ salts.

Extrinsic na intrinsic conductivity okporo ọkụ

Net okporo ọkụ kristal nwere intrinsic conductivity. Dị otú ahụ Semiconductors kwesịrị ekwesị aha. Bụrụ okporo ọkụ nwere ihe hà ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oghere ma free electrons. Mgbe kpo oku intrinsic conductivity nke Semiconductors abawanye. Mgbe mgbe nile okpomọkụ, e nwere a ọnọdụ nke ike ịha ego nke eme elektrọn-onu abụọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke recombining electrons na oghere, nke ịnọgide mgbe nile n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị a.

Ọnụnọ nke adịghị budata emetụta eletriki conductivity nke Semiconductors. Agbakwụnye, ha na-enye ohere nke ukwuu na-amụba ọnụ ọgụgụ nke free electrons na a ole na ole nke oghere na-amụba ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oghere na a ole na ole nke electrons na conduction larịị. Adịghị ọcha Semiconductors - na-eduzi na-enwe adịghị ọcha conductivity.

Adịghị na-adị mfe inye electrons na-akpọ na-enye onyinye. Enye onyinye adịghị ike chemical ọcha na atọm, na valence etoju nke nwere ihe electrons karịa atọm nke isi ihe. Ka ihe atụ, site na bismuth - a sịlịkọn na-enye onyinye adịghị.

The ike a chọrọ maka na-awụlikwa elu nke ihe elektrọn na conduction mpaghara, a na-akpọ ebighị ike. Adịghị ọcha okporo ọkụ mkpa a otutu obere nke ya karịa ndị isi ihe. Na a nta kpo oku ma ọ bụ ìhè predominantly tọhapụrụ electrons nke atọm nke adịghị ọcha Semiconductors. Ebe hapụrụ atọm na-ewe ihe elektrọn onu. Ma elektrọn oghere recombination adịghị ewere ọnọdụ. enye onyinye oghere conductivity bụ negligible. Nke a bụ n'ihi na a obere ego nke adịghị ọcha atọm-adịghị ekwe ka free electrons mgbe nso ka onu na-jide ya. Electrons ụfọdụ oghere, ma na-enweghị ike iji gboo ha ruru ka ezughi oke ike larịị.

A nta mmako enye onyinye ọcha ọtụtụ iwu enwekwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke conduction electrons tụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke free electrons na intrinsic okporo ọkụ. Electrons ebe a - na isi na-ebu nke atọm ebubo nke adịghị ọcha Semiconductors. Ndị bekee dịịrị n-ụdị Semiconductors.

Adịghị na-eke agbụ electrons nke okporo ọkụ, ịba ụba ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oghere na ya, na-akpọ acceptor. Acceptor adịghị bụ chemical ọcha na a nta ọtụtụ electrons na valence larịị karịa na isi nke okporo ọkụ. Boron, gallium, indium - acceptor ọcha na sịlịkọn.

Ihe e ji mara nke okporo ọkụ ndị dabere na ya crystal Ọdịdị ntụpọ. Nke a na-eme na mkpa nke na-eto eto oké ọcha kristal. The afọ nke okporo ọkụ conduction achịkwa site Tụkwasị na nke dopants. Silicon kristal doped na site (V subgroup ọcha) nke bụ a na-enye onyinye ike crystal sịlịkọn n-ụdị. N'ihi na crystal na a p-ụdị sịlịkọn ndinọ boron acceptor. Semiconductors ụgwọ atụrụ Fermi larịị ịkwaga ya n'ime n'etiti ìgwè ọdịiche kere n'ụzọ a.

otu-mmewere Semiconductors

The kasị okporo ọkụ bụ, n'ezie, sịlịkọn. Ọnụ na Germany, ọ bụ prototype nke a nnukwu klas nke Semiconductors nwere yiri crystal owuwu.

Structure crystal Si na Ge bụ otu dị ka nke diamond na α-tin. Ọ gburugburu ọ bụla atọm 4 kacha nso atọm nke na-etolite a tetrahedron. Ndị dị otú ahụ na nchikota na-akpọ ugboro anọ. Kristal tetradricheskoy nkekọ ígwè isi n'ihi na ngwá electronic ụlọ ọrụ na-egwu a isi ọrụ na nkà na ụzụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ọcha V na VI nke oge table otu nwekwara Semiconductors. Ihe Nlereanya nke a ụdị Semiconductors - site (P), sọlfọ (S), selenium (Se) na tellurium (Te). Ndị a Semiconductors nwere ike Mmaji atọm (P), disubstituted (S, Se, Te) ma ọ bụ a anọ na-anọghị n'ogige atụrụ nchikota. N'ihi dị otú ahụ ihe nwere ike ịdị na ọtụtụ dị iche iche crystalline akụkụ, na-ga-na-akwadebe n'ụdị iko. Ka ihe atụ, Se toro monoclinic na trigonal crystal owuwu ma ọ bụ dị ka a window (nke nwekwara ike na-ahuta ka a polima).

- Diamond nwere magburu onwe thermal conductivity, magburu onwe ya n'ibu na ngwa anya Njirimara, elu n'ibu ike. The obosara nke ike ọdịiche - De = 5,47 eV.

- Silicon - okporo ọkụ eji na anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ, na amorphous ụdị, - na a mkpa-film anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Ọ bụ ihe kasị eji okporo ọkụ anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ, mfe Nlụpụta, nwere ezigbo ọkụ na n'ibu Njirimara. de = 1,12 eV.

- Germanium - okporo ọkụ na-eji na gamma-ray spectroscopy, elu arụmọrụ anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Eji na mbụ diodes na transistors. Ọ na-achọ obere ihicha karịa sịlịkọn. de = 0,67 eV.

- Selenium - a okporo ọkụ, nke na-eji na selenium rectifiers enwe a elu radieshon-eguzogide ma na ike gwọọ onwe ya.

Two-mmewere ogige

Njirimara nke Semiconductors kpụrụ ọcha 3 na 4 nke oge table iche iche yiri Njirimara nke ogige 4 iche iche. The mgbanwe site na 4 dị iche iche nke ọcha na-ogige 3-4 gr. Ọ na-eme nkwurịta okwu obere n'ihi ionic ụgwọ iga electrons si atọm na Atọm 3 Group 4 Group. Ionicity agbanwe Njirimara nke Semiconductors. Ọ na-akpata na-abawanye na ndị Coulomb ike na ion-ion mmekọrịta ike ọdịiche elektrọn gbalaga Ọdịdị. GOSIRI ọnụọgụ abụọ ogige nke a ụdị - indium antimonide, InSb, gallium arsenide GaAs, gallium antimonide GaSb, indium phosphide InP, aluminum antimonide AlSb, gallium phosphide ọdịiche.

Ionicity-abawanye na ya bara uru na-etolite ọzọ dị iche iche na ogige 2-6 ogige, dị ka cadmium selenide, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, zinc selenide. N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ ndị ogige 2-6 iche iche machibidoro iwu gbalaga wider karịa 1 eV, ma e wezụga mercury ogige. Mercury Telluride - enweghị ike ọdịiche okporo ọkụ, ọkara metal, dị ka α-tin.

Semiconductors 2-6 iche iche na a ibu ike ọdịiche Chọta eji na mmepụta nke lasers na ngosipụta. Ọnụọgụ abụọ iche iche 6 2- compound na a narrowed ọdịiche ume kwesịrị ekwesị maka infrared receivers. Ọnụọgụ abụọ ogige nke ihe nke ìgwè dị iche iche 1-7 (cuprous bromide CuBr, AgI silver iodide, ọla kọpa chloride CuCl) ruru akwa ionicity nwere wider bandgap W eV. Ha na-eme n'ezie Semiconductors, na insulators. Crystal ibu anchoring ume n'ihi Coulomb interionic mmekọrịta mmemmem structuring atọm nnu na isii iji, kama nke quadratic ahazi. Ogige 4-6 iche iche - sulfide, edu ndú telluride, tin sulfide - ka Semiconductors. Ionicity nke a bekee na-akwalite guzobe sixfold nchikota. Ọtụtụ ionicity bụghị egbochikwa ọnụnọ ha nwere a warara nke ukwuu gbalaga gaps, ha nwere ike ji mee ka a na-infrared radieshon. Gallium nitride - a compound iche iche 3-5 na a dum ike ọdịiche, chọta ngwa okporo ọkụ lasers na ìhè-emitting diodes ọrụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke ụdịdị dị iche iche.

- GaAs, gallium arsenide - na ina mgbe nke abụọ sịlịkọn okporo ọkụ na-ejikarị dị ka a mkpụrụ maka ndị ọzọ na-eduzi ihe atụ, GaInNAs na InGaAs, na setodiodah infrared, elu ugboro transistors na ICS, ukwuu oru oma anyanwụ sel, laser diodes, ziri nke nuclear ọgwụgwọ. de = 1,43 eV, nke mma na ike ngwaọrụ dị ka e jiri ya tụnyere sịlịkọn. Kenkuwa, nwere ihe adịghị ike Nlụpụta.

- ZnS, zinc sulfide - zinc nnu nke hydrogen sulphide na machibidoro iwu gbalaga zones na 3,54 3,91 eV, eji na lasers na dị ka a phosphor.

- SNS, tin sulfide - okporo ọkụ eji na photoresistors na photodiodes, de = 1,3 na 10 eV.

oxides

The metal oxides ọkacha mma na-magburu onwe insulators, ma e nwere wezụga. Ihe Nlereanya nke a ụdị Semiconductors - nickel oxide, ọla kọpa oxide, cobalt oxide, ọla kọpa dioxide, ígwè oxide, europium oxide, zinc oxide. Ebe ọ bụ na ọla kọpa dioxide dị ka ịnweta cuprite, ya Njirimara na-amụ intensively. The usoro maka cultivation nke ụdị okporo ọkụ bụ ma kpamkpam doro anya, ya mere, ha na-eme bụ ka ókè. Isịneke bụ zinc oxide (ZnO), compound iche iche 2-6, a na-eji dị ka transducer na na mmepụta nke nrapado etere na plasters.

Ọnọdụ gbanwere nke ukwuu mgbe superconductivity chọpụtara na ọtụtụ ogige nke ọla kọpa na oxygen. The mbụ elu okpomọkụ superconductor emeghe Bednorz na Müller, e compound okporo ọkụ dabeere La ₂ CuO _4, ike ọdịiche nke 2 eV. N'ọnọdụ divalent trivalent lanthanum, barium ma ọ bụ strontium, ẹkenam n'ime okporo ọkụ ụgwọ ebu oghere. Ọbọ dị mkpa onu ịta na-eme ka La ₂ CuO ₄ superconductor. N'oge a, ndị kasị elu okpomọkụ nke mgbanwe na superconducting ala bụ nke onyinye HgBaCa ₂ Cu ₃ O _8. Na elu nsogbu, ya uru bụ 134 K.

ZnO, zinc oxide varistor na-eji, acha anụnụ anụnụ ìhè-emitting diodes, gas sensọ, ndu sensọ, coatings windo iji na-egosipụta infrared ìhè, dị ka a na-eduzi ya na LCD ngosipụta na anyanwụ batrị. de = 3,37 eV.

layered kristal

Ugboro abụọ ogige ka diiodide edu ndú, gallium selenide na molybdenum disulphide iche layered crystal Ọdịdị. The n'ígwé bụ covalent nkekọ nke bukwanu ike, nnọọ ike karịa van der Waals nkekọ dị n'etiti n'ígwé onwe ha. Semiconductors dị otú ahụ ụdị ndị na-akpali n'ihi na electrons na-akpa àgwà na n'ígwé nke a na-azọrọ na abua akụkụ. Mmekọrịta nke n'ígwé na-agbanwe site na-ewebata ná mpụga atọm - intercalation.

Mos _2, molybdenum disulfide na-eji na elu ugboro ziri, rectifiers, memristor, transistors. de = 1,23 na 1.8 eV.

organic Semiconductors

Ihe Nlereanya nke Semiconductors na ndabere nke organic ogige - naphthalene, polyacetylene (Kra _{2) n,} anthracene, polydiacetylene, ftalotsianidy, polyvinylcarbazole. Organic Semiconductors nwere uru karịrị ndị na-abụghị organic: ha mfe nweta chọrọ mma. Bekee na conjugate nkekọ na-etolite -c = C-C = nwere ọkpụrụkpụ ngwa anya na-abụghị linearity na, n'ihi na nke a, na optoelectronics etinyere. Ọzọkwa, ike gbalaga ọdịiche organic okporo ọkụ compound nke usoro ịdị iche iche mgbanwe na nnọọ mfe karịa na nke ot Semiconductors. Crystalline allotropes nke carbon fullerenes, Graphene, nanotubes - nwekwara Semiconductors.

- Fullerene nwere a Ọdịdị n'ụdị a mechiri emechi convex polyhedron ugleoroda ọbụna ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atọm. A doping fullerene C ₆₀ na alkali metal agbanwe ya n'ime a superconductor.

- graphite carbon monoatomic oyi akwa a kpụrụ, na jikọọ na a abụọ akụkụ hexagonal lattice. Record nwere conductivity na elektrọn agagharị, elu rigidity

- Nanotubes na-lakpuru a tube graphite efere enwe a dayameta nke ọtụtụ nanometers. A iche-iche nke carbon nwere oké nkwa na nanoelectronics. Dabere na njikọ nwere ike dara ma ọ bụ okporo ọkụ mma.

magnetik Semiconductors

Ogige na magnetik ion nke europium na manganese nwere ọchịchọ ịmata magnetik na semiconducting Njirimara. Ihe Nlereanya nke a ụdị Semiconductors - europium sulfide, selenide europium na ihe siri ike ngwọta, dị CD _1-x igwe _x Te. Ọdịnaya nke magnetik ion na-emetụta ma bekee igosipụta magnetik Njirimara dị ka ferromagnetism na antiferromagnetism. Semimagnetic Semiconductors - bụ a ike magnetik Semiconductors ngwọta nke nwere magnetik ion na ala ịta. Siri ike dị otú ngwọta adọta uche nke atụmanya gị na oké nwere nke kwere omume ngwa. Dị ka ihe atụ, na iche na-abụghị magnetik Semiconductors, ha nwere ike iru a ugboro nde ibu Faraday adiana.

Strong magnetooptical mmetụta nke magnetik Semiconductors ekwe ha na ojiji maka ngwa anya mgbanwe olu. Perovskites, dị ka igwe _0,7 Ca _0,3 O _3, ya Njirimara karịrị metal-okporo ọkụ mgbanwe, nke kpọmkwem dabeere na ndọta arụpụta onu nke ibu magneto-resistivity. Ha na-eji redio, ngwa anya ngwaọrụ, nke na-achịkwa a ndọta, a ngwa ndakwa nri waveguide ngwaọrụ.

okporo ọkụ ferroelectrics

Nke a na ụdị kristal e ji ọnụnọ ha electric oge na omume nke n'amaghi polarization. Ka ihe atụ, ndị dị otú ahụ Njirimara bụ Semiconductors edu titanate PbTiO _3, barium titanate BaTiO _3, germanium telluride, GeTe, tin telluride SnTe, nke na ala okpomọkụ nwere ferroelectric Njirimara. Ndị a ihe na-eji adịghị n'ahịrị ngwa anya, piezoelectric sensọ na ebe nchekwa na ngwaọrụ.

A dịgasị iche iche nke okporo ọkụ ihe

Ke adianade okporo ọkụ ihe e kwuru n'elu, e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-anaghị ada n'okpuru otu n'ime ndị a na ụdị. Ogige nke usoro 1-3-5 ọcha ₂ (AgGaS ₂₎ na 2-4-5 ₂ (ZnSiP ₂₎ na-etolite a chalcopyrite crystal Ọdịdị. Kpọtụrụ tetrahedral ogige analogous Semiconductors 3-5 na 2-6 iche iche na a zinc blende crystal Ọdịdị. Ogige nke na-etolite okporo ọkụ ọcha 5 na nke 6 otu (yiri Dị ₂ Se _3), - na okporo ọkụ n'ụdị crystal ma ọ bụ iko. Chalcogenides nke bismuth na antimony na-eji okporo ọkụ thermoelectric generators. Njirimara nke ụdị okporo ọkụ bụ nnọọ na-akpali, ma ha nweela ewu ewu n'ihi na mmachi ngwa. Otú ọ dị, eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha na-adị, na-akwado ọnụnọ nke eruchabeghị nyochaworo ubi nke okporo ọkụ physics.