Ike àgwà. Quality chọrọ maka na ọkụ eletrik

Power quality a chọrọ iji gosi na quantitative egosi tụọ mains. Performance chọrọ ịnọgide na-enwe nnabata GOSTs e ji mara ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka mmajijiji nke voltaji na ugboro. Dabere na ụkpụrụ nke ejikọrọ na-eji ọkụ isi parameters ịgbanwe, nke nwere ike na ha dị ịrịba ama deviations iduga ọdịda nke ngwa.

Nke na-emetụta àgwà nke mains?

ike àgwà na-adabere na a nnukwu ọtụtụ ihe na-agbanwe arụmọrụ ke ngafe nke ókè nke ụkpụrụ. N'ihi ya, voltaji nwere ike inflated n'ihi na mberede na substation. Low ụkpụrụ egosi na mgbede awa ma ọ bụ na n'oge okpomọkụ, mgbe ndị mmadụ na-alaghachi n'ụlọ na-agụnye a TV, electric stovu, ntụ oyi usoro.

ike àgwà dị ka ala ụkpụrụ nwere ike ịdị iche iche ubé. Na a nnọọ ogbenye ọkọnọ netwọk, na-eji ọkụ nwere iji voltaji regulators. Control nke àgwà kenyere CPS, nke nwere ike inweta mgbe e a ndiiche.

Power quality pụrụ ịdabere na ndị na-esonụ ihe:

• Diurnal ọdịiche metụtara na oge ufodu ma ọ bụ na njikọ na-eji ọkụ na mmetụta nke tides na oké osimiri ụgbọ.
• Mgbanwe ihere ikuku: mmiri mmiri, e guzobere ice na ọkọnọ wires.
• ifufe mgbanwe, mgbe ike mepụtara vetroviki.
• Quality wiring, ọ wears n'elu oge.

Gịnị bụ isi e ji mara nke mains?

A quantitative uru ndiiche na njehie parameters na-setịpụrụ dị ka GOST. Power quality e dere akwụkwọ 32144-2013. O were yie ndị ziri ezi ndị a ọnụ ọgụgụ ruru ka ihe ize ndụ nke ọku n'ji ngwaọrụ, nakwa dị ka malfunctions nke eletriki nrụnye chebaara mgbanwe voltaji. The ikpeazụ ngwaọrụ nkịtị n'ụlọ ọgwụ, nnyocha emmepe, agha ụlọ ọrụ.

Quality kwa nke eletrik rụzigharịa na 2013 na njikọ na mmepe nke ahịa ike ahịa na ntoputa nke ọhụrụ kọmputa ngwaọrụ. Na-emeso na ọkụ eletrik-ya ọkọnọ kwesịrị ịdị ka ngwaahịa na izute ụfọdụ ibiere. Na omume kpọmkwem e ji mara ga-eji na-egbo mkpa ndutịm ọrụ. Ọ bụrụ na kpatara nke na-abata voltaji fluctuations emetụta ma ọ bụ nwere ike na-emetụta ndị mmadụ, ọ nwere ike na-ama criminalized.

Gịnị na-eme ka na-eji ọkụ mgbe ị na-ajụ a nkịtị nri?

ike quality parameters emetụta oge nke na-arụ ọrụ nke na njikọ na ngwaọrụ, ọ na-aghọ oké egwu mmepụta. Ụra arụpụtaghị edoghi, na-amụba ike oriri. Ebe ọ bụ na moto aro torque na-ebelata mgbe ọdịda egosi ji mains. Ebelatakwa oge ọrụ ndụ nke oriọna, na luminous agbanwe oge nke oriọna na-aghọ ihe na-erughị ma ọ bụ amụke, n'ihi ya, ọ na-emetụta ndị na ngwaahịa na greenhouses. A ịrịba utịp ke Filiks ndị ọzọ Biochemical Jeremaya mere.

Dị ka iwu nke Fiziks voltaji ọnụ na a mgbe nile ibu na moto aro eduga ná a ngwangwa abawanye na ugbu a. Nke a, n'aka nke ya, na-eduga ná a malfunction nke nchekwa switches. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, mkpuchi na-agbaze na kacha mma apa ọkụ fuuz, ke kasị njọ kwatara akwata na moto asọfe irrevocably electronics ọcha. N'okpuru yiri ndị ahụ, ihe electric mita amalite akpa ogho na a elu na-agba. The nwe ogige enwe losses.

Ibiere maka nwale nke mains

Na-agụnye ọbịa? Power quality kpebisiri ike site e ji mara nke atọ-adọ netwọk na n'ebe nile na anụ ụlọ na sekit na sekit 50 Hz:

• Otu ebe voltaji ndiiche uru na-ekpebi ịdị ukwuu e ji mara ya na nke na-eji ọkụ nwere ike wara-enweghị ọdịda. Nọkwasịrị n'ịnyịnya na na ala nkịtị ịgba 220 bụ 209 na n'elu bụ 231 V.
• Ihe akporo input voltaji bụ ihe dị iche n'etiti ugbu a ụkpụrụ na njupụta. Mita nke dobe okirikiri oke.
• Filika ekewa mkpụmkpụ-okwu dose n'ime 10 nkeji na-adịgide adịgide kpebisiri ike 2 awa. Na-egosi na ogo nke mmadụ anya uche ka ọkụ na-amụke, nke e mere site mmajijiji nke ike ọkọnọ.
• The usu voltaji a kọwara mgbake oge na-enwe a dị iche iche uru dabere na ihe na-akpata nke ujo.
• The ọnụọgụ maka adabere na àgwà nke mains: na distortion sinusoidal ụkpụrụ nwa oge overvoltage, harmonic mmiri nke asymmetry nke na-adịghị mma na efu usoro.
• voltaji itinye oge nkeji kọwara mwughachi oke setịpụrụ dị ka GOST.
• Mains ugboro ndiiche na-arụpụta mmebi nke eletriki akụkụ na wires.

Lash input ibu ndiiche

Power quality na-agbalị ime ihe kwesịrị ekwesị ekpemekpe kpọmkwem, depụtara n'ihe iwu. Ntị njehie na-ebilite mgbe nha U ka f. Ọ bụrụ na e nwere njehie, ị nwere ike ịkpọtụrụ nlekọta ọchịchị, ime na ọkụ eletrik soplaya si ọrụ.

General chọrọ maka ike quality oke agụnye voltaji deviations nke na-kewara abụọ dị iche iche:

• Nkịtị ọrụ mgbe ndiiche bụ ± 5%.
• The ịgba nke ime oscillation mode atọrọ ± 10%. Nke a ga-abụ maka 220 V kacha nta fọrọ nke 198 V na a kacha 242 V.

voltaji mgbake ga-erukwa na a nkeji oge ọ dịghị ihe karịrị nkeji abụọ.

Swipe ịgbanwe mains

Power quality norms a oke-agụnye na-elekọta, dị ka ihe oscillation voltaji mmiri. Ọ na-akọwaputa ihe dị iche n'etiti elu na nke ala njupụta mbata. Nyere na tolerances nke ndiiche si set oke dabara ± 5% ịgba, akporo nke ịmachi mode nwere ike gafere ± 10%. Ndepụta na netwọk 220 ghara agbanwe ọzọ ma ọ bụ ihe na-erughị 22 V, na 380 na-arụ ọrụ na-ejikarị n'ime ókè nke ± 38 V.

Ihe voltaji Ngabiga oscillation gbakọọ na-esonụ okwu ΔU = U _max -U _min, arụpụta ụkpụrụ kpọmkwem ke% dị ka mgbawa _{ΔU = ((U max -U min} ) / U elu ọnụ) * 100%.

Akwusighi input uru

ike quality n'ihe usoro-agụnye filika. Nke a na egosi were a pụrụ iche ngwaọrụ - flickermeter, nke no na-ewepu ugboro omume. The pụta nwetara na-jiri ya tụnyere ihe uche usoro nke optic ahu.

GOST ike ókè ịgbanwe filika:

• Short okwu mmajijiji akụrụngwa ekwesịghị ịbụ elu karịa 1,38.
• Ogologo okwu mgbanwe ga-ada n'ime uru 1.0.

Mgbe ọ na-abịa elu ịgba nke ngosi circuit nke incandescent oriọna, ọ na-achọrọ na ya pụta bụ na ndị na-esonụ ókè:

• Short okwu fluctuations na - egosi ka atọrọ ka 1.0.
• Ruo ogologo oge oke mgbanwe - 0,74.

tangible iche

Power quality nha gụnyere nha dị otú ahụ akụrụngwa dị ka voltaji pulses. Ọ na-akọwa nkọ lee njem nke eletrik n'ime họrọ nkeji. Ihe mere ihe a onu nwere ike ịbụ n'otu oge ịmafe nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị ọrụ, mmetụta nke akpa nnyonye anya ruru ka thunderstorms.

Set oge voltaji mgbake, adịghị emetụta n'ji:

• Akpata fluctuations - a oké mmiri ozuzo na ndị ọzọ eke akpa nnyonye anya. The mgbake oge bụghị ihe karịrị 15 microseconds.
• Ọ bụrụ na ndị pulses bụ n'ihi na ndị na-abụghị edo ịmafe nke na-eji ọkụ, oge bụ ogologo oge na hà 15 MS.

The kasị ukwuu ọtụtụ ihe mberede na substations emee ya ruru ka a àmụmà iku ke echichi. Ozugbo enwe eduzi mkpuchi. The ịdị ukwuu nke overvoltage nwere ike iru ọtụtụ narị kilovolts. Iji mee nke a, a nche ngwaọrụ, ma mgbe ụfọdụ, ha anaghị ebili, na e nwere a mmapụta nwere. N'oge a, nsogbu adịghị ime n'ihi na mkpuchi eguzogide.

Duration nlaazu input uru

The tụrụ oke kọwara dị ka a voltaji itinye enịm n'ime ókè ± 0,1U _{elu ọnụ} nkeji nke a ole na ole iri puku kwuru iri milliseconds. Maka netwọk 220 na-ekwe mgbanwe egosi 22 V, 380 V ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ihe karịrị 38 V. The omimi nke nlaazu na gbakọọ dị ka _{okwu bụ: ΔU n = (U elu ọnụ -U} min) / U elu ọnụ.

Spadla oge na gbakọọ dị ka _{okwu bụ: Δt n = t k -t n} , ebe a t _k - bụ oge mgbe voltaji e weghachiri eweghachi, na t _n - uche nke si malite, mgbe voltaji dobe mere.

Power quality nlekota na-achọ iburu n'uche ka ugboro nke omume nke ọdịda, kọwaa site _{usoro: FN = (m (ΔU n} , Δt n) / M) * 100%. ebe a:

• m (ΔU _n, Δt _n) A na-akọwa dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke recessions na oge kpọmkwem maka omimi ΔU _n na oge Δt _n.
• M - ngụkọta akara recessions n'oge họrọ oge.

Gịnị bụ uru nke nlaazu

Oke ọsọ ọsọ agbanwe ogologo ọnụ a chọrọ na-amata ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na ndepụta ike na quantitative okwu. Mgbe a na ọnụego, nwere ike imetụta ugboro nke ihe mberede na substation ruru mkpara ileghara, àmụmà. The N'ihi nke nnyocha gaps na-amụma ogo ọdịda ke netwọk na ajụjụ.

Statistics-enye gị ohere ịgụta banyere ihe ndị kwụsiri ike nke electric ike ọkọnọ. ọkụ eletrik na enye aka enye data maka aro mgbochi na ụlọ ọrụ.

ugboro ndiiche

Nnabata ugboro n'ókè ụfọdụ metụtara chọrọ ahịa chọrọ. Site mbenata exponent site 1%, ọnwụ nke ihe karịrị 2%. Nke a sụgharịta n'ime aku-akwụ ụgwọ, belata arụpụtaghị ụlọ ọrụ. Maka nkezi onye, nke a na-eduga ná ụba ichekwa nnata na ugwo maka na ọkụ eletrik.

itinye n'ọkwa moto rotational ọsọ na-adabere na mains ugboro. Kpo oku na kpo oku ọcha nwere a nta arụmọrụ mgbe mbenata oke-erughị 50 Hz. Mgbe inflated ụkpụrụ nwere ike mebiri emebi na-eji ọkụ ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ usoro na-adịghị mere maka elu torque.

ugboro ole ndiiche pụrụ imetụta electronics ọrụ. Ebe ọ bụ na TV na ihuenyo mkpọtụ pụtara na mgbanwe ngosi ± 0.1Hz. Ke adianade visual ntụpọ, enwekwu ihe ize ndụ nke ndọrọ ego nke Chọpụta ọcha ala. Ụzọ nke na-emeso ike quality deviations sikwa anamde ibọ idobere ọkọnọ ọnụ aka akpaka weghachi voltaji n'ime ọgwụ oge.

ọnụọgụ

N'ihi na nkịtị ọrụ nke ọkọnọ ẹkenam nlekota nke ndị na-esonụ ihe:

• Non-sinusoidal voltaji waveform. enweghị efegharị efegharị distortion bụ n'ihi na ike-eji ọkụ: electric heaters, convection Ighe, ịgbado ọkụ ígwè ọrụ. Bụrụ na nke deviations a oke ebelata ọrụ ndụ nke moto windings, akwusila agba anọ na akpaaka, ọdịda nke mbanye usoro na thyristor akara.
• Nwa Oge overvoltage na-quantifying mgbanwe input usu ụkpụrụ.
• N-nke harmonic bụ sinusoidal e ji mara nwetara na ndenye voltaji e ji mara. The gbakọọ ụkpụrụ enwetara site na table data ọ bụla harmonic.
• The asymmetry nke input uru na agbara ma ọ bụ na-efu usoro dị mkpa ịtụle ihe mwepu ikpe nke mkpumkpu nkesa nke n'ụzọ. Ndị a ọnọdụ ime kasị on ọnwụ nke mains ejikọrọ na a kpakpando ma ọ bụ triangle.

Ụdị nchedo ejighị n'aka mgbanwe ọkọnọ

Rụọ ike àgwà ga-rụrụ na ụfọdụ iwu okwu. Ma nchedo nke ngwá n'ji na-isiokwu na-ewu iji na-esonụ n'aka:

• Stabilizers hụ mmezi nke ike nke input agbanwe na kpọmkwem ókè. Quality ike a na-enweta ọbụna na deviations nke input uru site karịrị 35%.
• Uninterruptible ike onunu na-iji nọgide na-enwe ahụ ike nke n'ji n'ime ọgwụ oge. Power ngwá bụ n'ihi na echekwara ike ya batrị. Mgbe a ike outage, bespereboynik ike ịnọgide na-enwe ahụ ike nke dum ngwá ọrụ awa ole na ole.
• Ngwá Egwú nke-echebe site ike surges na-arụ ọrụ na ụkpụrụ nke agba anọ. Mgbe input uru uku ókè setịpụrụ oghe circuit emee.

All ụdị nchedo nwere ike ikpokọta na-enye a zuru obi ike na ndị dị oké ọnụ akụrụngwa anọgide na-emebibeghị n'oge mberede na substation.