NPP: ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe na ngwaọrụ. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nuclear ike osisi

Ke ufọt ufọt iri abụọ na narị afọ, ndị kasị mma uche nke ụmụ mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ ike na abụọ ihe aga-eme ozugbo: na e kere eke nke atọm bọmbụ, ma banyere otú i nwere ike iji atọm ike maka udo. N'ihi ya, ọ pụtara mbụ nuklia ike osisi na ụwa. Gịnị bụ ụkpụrụ nke nuclear ike osisi? Na ebe n'ụwa bụ ndị kasị ibu nke ndị a osisi?

History na atụmatụ nke nuclear ike

"Energy - isi nke ihe niile" - otú i nwere ike isughari ihe e dere na ama okwu, nyere ebumnobi eme nke XXI narị afọ. Na onye ọ bụla ọhụrụ gburugburu nke nkà na ụzụ na-enwe ọganihu nke ndi mmadu ga-abụ ndị ọzọ na ndị ọzọ nke nọmba ya. Taa, ike nke na "udo atọm" na ọtụtụ-eji na aku na uba na mmepụta, ma ọ bụghị naanị na ike oru.

Ọkụ eletrik na-emepụta site na-akpọ NPP (ụkpụrụ nke nke dị mfe na ya kachasi mkpa), ọtụtụ-eji ụlọ ọrụ, ohere ngagharị, na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na ugbo.

Nuclear ike a na-akpọ arọ ụlọ ọrụ, nke extracts okpomọkụ na ọkụ eletrik si na kinetic ume nke atọm.

Mgbe ọ pụtara mbụ nuclear ike osisi? Ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe dị otú ahụ ike, Soviet ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ azụ ke 40s. Site n'ụzọ, ẹbiet na ha na-mepụtakwara mbụ atọm bombu. N'ihi ya atọm bụ n'out oge na "udo", na-egbu egbu.

Na 1948 I. V. Kurchatov aro na ndị ọchịchị Soviet malitere imezu ozugbo ọrụ na mmịpụta nke nuclear ike. Mgbe afọ abụọ gasịrị, na Soviet Union (na Obninsk) amalite ewu nke mbụ nuklia ike osisi na mbara ala.

Ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe nke nuclear ike osisi yiri nke ahụ, ma na-aghọta na ọ bụghị ike. Nke a ga-atụle n'ihu.

NPP: ọrụ (foto na nkọwa)

The ọrụ nke ọ bụla nuclear ike osisi bụ a mmeghachi omume siri ike nke na-adị mgbe ndị nuclear fission nke atọm. Na usoro a, mgbe mgbe metụtara atọm nke uranium-235 ma ọ bụ plutonium. Kernel atọm abahade neutron abanye nime ya site n'èzí. Nke a na-enye ịrị elu ọhụrụ neutrons na fission rifọrọ, nke nwere nnukwu kinetic ike. Dị nnọọ nke a ike na ọ bụ isi ihe na isi ngwaahịa nke na-eme ihe ọ bụla nuclear ike osisi

N'ihi ya, ọ bụ omume na-akọwa ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe nke nuclear ike chernobyl. Na ọzọ foto ị pụrụ ịhụ otú ọ na anya site n'ime.

E nwere atọ bụ isi ụdị nke nuclear ngwa agha:

• ọwa elu ike chernobyl (abbreviated - RBMK);
• mmiri-mmiri chernobyl (PWR);
• ngwa ngwa breeder chernobyl (BN).

Iche iche na ọ dị mkpa na-akọwa ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe nke NPP dị ka a dum. N'ihi na ozi na otú o si arụ ọrụ a ga-atụle n'isiokwu na-esonụ.

The na-arụ ọrụ ụkpụrụ nke NPP (atụmatụ)

Nuclear ike osisi na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ụfọdụ ọnọdụ na a nditịm kọwaa ọnọdụ. Ke adianade na nuclear chernobyl (otu ma ọ bụ karịa), na nuclear Ọdịdị na-agụnye ndị ọzọ na usoro, pụrụ iche ụlọ ọrụ na ukwuu ruru eru mkpara. Gịnị bụ ụkpụrụ nke nuclear ike osisi? Nkenke ya nwere ike kọwara dị ka ndị a.

The isi mmewere nke ọ bụla nuclear - a nuclear chernobyl nke e nwere nile bụ isi Filiks. Banyere ihe na-eme na chernobyl, anyị dere na aga ngalaba. Nuclear mmanụ ụgbọala (na-emekarị, ọzọ mgbe ọ bụ uranium) n'ụdị obere nwa pellets nri n'ime nnukwu ite.

Na ike n'oge Jeremaya mere aa na a nuclear chernobyl, converted n'ime okpomọkụ na kpọfere coolant (na-emekarị, bụ mmiri). Ọ ga-kwuru na okpomọkụ nyefe usoro na usoro a na-enweta a ụfọdụ dose nke radieshon.

Ọzọkwa, okpomọkụ si coolant na-agafere nkịtị mmiri (site pụrụ iche ngwaọrụ - coils), nke dị ka a n'ihi nke mmiri ịgbọ agbọ. Mmiri vepo nke si otú a kpụrụ, na-agbagharị na tobaim. Nke ikpeazụ generator bụ ejikọrọ, na nke site na eletriki ike.

N'ihi ya, ụkpụrụ nke ọrụ NPP - ọ bụ otu ihe kwes ike osisi. The naanị ihe dị iche bụ na otú usoro site na uzuoku.

Geography of nuclear ume

The top ise mba n'ihi na mmepụta nke nuclear ume bụ dị ka ndị a:

1. US.
2. France.
3. Japan.
4. Russia.
5. South Korea.

Na nke a, na United States, na-amị kwa afọ banyere 864 ijeri kWh, amị ruo 20% nke mbara ala na ọkụ eletrik.

All ụwa 31 so n'òtù na-arụ ọrụ nuklia ike ụgbọ. na abụọ (Antarctica na Australia) bụ kpamkpam free nke nuclear ike niile kọntinent nke mbara ala.

Ka ụbọchị, 388 nuclear ngwa agha na-arụ ọrụ n'ụwa. Otú ọ dị, na 45 nke ha na-ama ọkara otu afọ na-adịghị n'ịwa ọkụ eletrik. Kasị nke nuclear ngwa agha dị na Japan na United States. Mezue ha ọdịdị ala na-dị na-esonụ map. Green na-anọchi anya mba na ẹdude nuclear ngwa agha, nyere ha ọnụ ọgụgụ na a akpan akpan State.

Mmepe nke nuclear ike na mba dị iche iche

N'ozuzu, dị ka nke 2014 na mmepe nke nuclear ume e nwere a n'ozuzu ojuju. The ndú na-ewu nke ọhụrụ nuclear reactors na-atọ mba bụ Russia, India na China. Ke adianade do, a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke na-ekwu na-enweghị ngwá agha nuklia ike osisi, na-eme atụmatụ na-ewu ha na n'ọdịnihu dị nso. Iji ndị gụnyere Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke North African mba.

N'aka nke ọzọ, a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke States nwere malitere a jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na Mbelata na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nuclear ike osisi. Ndị a gụnyere Germany, Belgium na Switzerland. Na ná mba ụfọdụ, (Italy, Austria, Denmark, Uruguay) nuklia ike machibidoro na omebe iwu larịị.

Isi nsogbu nke nuclear ike

Na mmepe nke nuclear ume jikọtara a ịrịba gburugburu ebe obibi nsogbu. Nke a na-akpọ thermal mmetọ. Ya mere, na echiche nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara, nuklia ike osisi n'ịwa ọzọ okpomọkụ karịa otu ikike nke kwes ike osisi. Karịsịa dị ize ndụ ka ikpo mmiri mmetọ na mebiri eke ọnọdụ nke ndụ nke ndu ntule na-eduga ná ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ azu umu.

Ọzọ nnukwu nsogbu metụtara na nuclear ike, nuclear nchekwa na-akpata nchegbu n'ozuzu. N'ihi na oge mbụ a kpọrọ mmadụ nwere na-eche echiche ike banyere nsogbu mgbe Chernobyl ọdachi na 1986. Ụkpụrụ nke Chernobyl nuclear ike osisi na ime bụ bụghị ọtụtụ dị iche na nke ndị ọzọ nuklia ike osisi. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị-azọpụta ya si a buru ibu ma na a oké ihe mberede, nke mere ka a dị oké njọ maka dum nke Eastern Europe.

Ọzọkwa, ihe ize ndụ nke nuklia ike bụghị naanị mmadụ mere mberede. N'ihi ya, e nwere nnukwu nsogbu na mkpofu nuclear n'efu.

The uru nke nuclear ike

O sina dị, na-akwado nke nuclear ike na-akpọ na iche uru nke nuclear ike osisi. Karịsịa, World Nuclear Association na nso nso a tọhapụrụ ya akụkọ na-akpali nnọọ mmasị data. Dị ka ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke onwu na-eso na mmepụta nke otu gigawatt nke nuclear ike ọgbọ, 43 ugboro nta ka ot thermal ike osisi.

E nwere ndị ọzọ, ọ na-erughị ihe dị mkpa, uru. Ya bụ:

• cheapness nke mmepụta nke ọkụ eletrik;
• ebe obibi ọcha nke nuclear ume (na wezụga nke kwes mmetọ);
• enweghị ike georeferencing nke nuclear ike osisi isi mmanụ ụgbọala isi mmalite.

kama a ọgwụgwụ

ụwa mbụ nuclear ike osisi e wuru na 1950. Ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe nke nuclear ike osisi bụ nkewa nke atọm na-enyemaka nke neutron. a ike dị ukwuu nke e wepụtara na usoro a.

Ọ ga-adị ka nuklia ike - nanị uru maka ụmụ mmadụ. Otú ọ dị, akụkọ ihe mere eme pụtara ma ọ bụghị. Karịsịa, abụọ isi ọdachi - mberede na Soviet Chernobyl nuclear ike osisi na 1986 na ihe mberede na Japanese ike osisi Fukushima-1 na 2011 - gosiri ihe ize ndụ jụrụ site na "udo" atọm. N'ọtụtụ mba nke ụwa taa, malitere iche banyere a ele mmadụ anya n'ihu ma ọ bụ ọbụna zuru ezu gbahapụrụ nke nuclear ike.