Iwu nke mgbe nile mejupụtara: Nwa atụ, uru

Otu chemical compound nwere a mgbe nile mejupụtara, n'agbanyeghị nke ebe na usoro nke sample nkwadebe. Nke a bụ ọgwụgwụ onye nke mbụ wee na nchoputa nke oge a na onwu, French ọkà mmụta sayensị Antoine de Lavoisier. Ọ bụ ike ikpebi na-mejupụtara nke mmiri, ikuku, organic bekee, kweere na ndị ahụ gụnyere na ogige na ụfọdụ n'ike-n'ike. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọzọ mmiri ọgwụ si France JL Proust ama chepụtara iwu nke mgbe nile mejupụtara. Ma na-eme nnyocha na-etinye mgbalị dị ukwuu iji chebe ha echiche a esemokwu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị.

Echiche na Ọdịdị nke okwu na uzo nke XVIII na XIX ọtụtụ narị afọ,

Chemical ọcha, ejikọta onye ọ bụla ọzọ dị iche iche oke na-etolite a plurality of bekee. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị a na-ji a ụfọdụ set of atọm na ha uka ruru. Ma tupu ọgwụgwụ nke XVIII narị afọ, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chere na dị iche iche. The nsogbu n'ihi na ha bụ ndị malfunctioning nke quantitative usoro. Ke adianade do, ọnọdụ nke atọm-molekụla echiche mgbe ahụ dị shaky, adịkwaghị phlogiston Ozizi - na mythical mmewere. The oruru nke quantitative mejupụtara okwu mere a ịrịba onyinye:

• A. de Lavoisier;
• MV Lomonosov;
• Zh. L. Prust;
• D. Dalton.

Zh. L. Prusta n'uru idu ke eziokwu na ọ mma quantitative ụzọ Lavoisier, ha egee soro. Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụ aro na iwu nke anya otosịrị iru, na-echebekwa mmekọahụ nke ọcha na samples of ogige. Ọrụ a direction Proust malitere na njedebe nke XVIII narị afọ, ma ndị ude nke ọrụ ya natara naanị na 1808. Dzhon Dalton gburugburu otu oge ẹkenam echiche nke atọm na ìgwè mmadụ na ndị a ahụ, multiple oke.

Biography zh. L. Prusta

Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị onye chọrọ iwu nke mgbe nile mejupụtara, a mụrụ na September 26, 1754 na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke France. Nna Zhozefa Lui bụ a ọgwụ na Angers. Ọ na nwa ya nwoke na-agba nkịtị ka nwere na chemical bekee. The nwa okorobịa nọ na ya ọmụmụ na Paris, ebe o zutere na Lavoisier na ya na nkà mmụta sayensị na echiche. Na 1776, Proust bipụtara ya mbụ njọ-arụ ọrụ n'ubi nke onwu. Site 1799 na 1806 ọ gawa laabu ọkà mmụta sayensị na Madrid. France Proust laghachi 1806. Mgbe a nkenke ọnụnọ ke Paris, Zhozef Lui gara n'ụlọ ha. Na afọ 1808-1816 na-ghọtara na ya na-arụ ọrụ na-amụ ihe ndị mejupụtara nke bekee, gụnyere glucose. Na 1817 ọ lara ezumike nká na biri nanị ruo ọnwụ ya (1826). Proust bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ukwuu ọkà mmụta nke oge ya, a Knight nke Legion nke Honor, a so na Royal Academy nke Sciences nke Naples.

Iwu nke mgbe nile mejupụtara. atụ

Zh. L. Prust meghere glucose, ama maka amamiihe mmeri na nkà mmụta sayensị na mgbagha na Berthollet compatriot, ihe kpatara nke a bụ iwu na mgbe nile mejupụtara. Nwa chọrọ Proust bụ dị ka ndị a: mgbe multiple ọcha na-etolite a na ya dị ọcha sample, ọ bụ nke otu atọm. Mmekọrịta nke ha pụta ma na-perennial okike. ihe atụ:

1. Sodium chloride (NaCl) nwere ike na-akwadebe site omume hydrochloric acid na sodium hydroxide. The abụọ usoro - Ọgwụgwọ nke hydrochloric acid na sodium carbonate. The abụọ dị iche iche chemical Jeremaya mere nweta compound onye usoro bụ NaCl. Ma na nke mbụ na nke abụọ ahụ, ihe e dere 39,33% sodium na 60,66% chlorine.
2. Oxygen (chemical akara O) ke kpụworo a mmiri molekul ejikọ na otu ego nke hydrogen (H). Ọ bụrụ na hydrogen na-meghachi omume na 1.11 g nke 8,89 g nke oxygen, na a kpụrụ 10 g nke mmiri (H ₂ O). Ịba ichekwa otu n'ime bekee na-eduga ná otu N'ihi. Ọ bụghị akpakanam atọm nke mmewere, nke were karịa. Uka nke mmiri na nnwale a bụ otu - 10 g, mejupụtara-egosipụta ya molekụla usoro H ₂ O.

Pụtara nke chọpụtara anya otosịrị iru

Ná mmalite nke XIX narị afọ na usoro iwu onwu mma a iwu na jikọọ mmadụ akọwa mmekọrịta ha. Anyị na-amụ qualitative na quantitative e ji mara ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị onye chọrọ ekondo Nwa. The isi echiche ha M. V. Lomonosova banyere nche-kwa nke uka na chemical Jeremaya mere. Guzosie Ike JL Proust iwu nke anya otosịrị iru na nke dị oké mkpa ka sayensị na-eme. Na ndabere nke a mmekọrịta usoro e dere naanị mmiri n'ụdị H ₂ O, na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid - H ₂ NKE _4. Ma iwu nke Proust bụghị dị ka mbara dị ka ozizi nke Lomonosov. Ya mere, ọ bụ ihe ndị e dere ha ghọta mgbe ọ chọpụtara nke isotopes. Ya mere na-akpọ atọm nke otu mmewere na-enwe a dị iche iche uka. The ruru nke ahụ na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke sample bụ mgbe nile, ma naanị n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke mgbe nile na-isotopic mejupụtara. Ka ihe atụ, uka mejupụtara nke hydrogen na oxygen na a ot na arọ mmiri dị iche. The abụọ ọmụmụ mejupụtara ihe isotope nke hydrogen - deuterium. na arọ arọ nke mmiri karịa na mbụ.

Modern echiche na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke umi

Dị na Nwa ruru site ibu Proust atọm emejupụta a ụfọdụ umi bụ na-adịgide adịgide, onwe ha nke usoro nke inweta sample. Ná mmalite nke na-amụ ihe XX narị afọ metal alloys e chọpụtara ogige na a agbanwe mejupụtara. Na nke a, ịdị arọ nke a unit nke a chemical mmewere nwere ike-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi dị iche iche nke ịdị arọ nke ihe ọzọ. Ihe atụ, na ogige nke thallium na bismuth kwa unit uka nke ndekọ mbụ si 1.2 na 1.8 ibu nkeji nke abụọ mmewere. Ihe atụ ndị nwere ike n'etiti ndị intermetallic ogige, oxides, sọlfọ ogige, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen na ọla. N'ihi ya, iwu chọpụtara site Proust na Dalton, n'ụzọ zuru ezu nti naanị maka bekee nwere a molekụla Ọdịdị. A na-agụnye ọtụtụ asịd, oxides, hydrides. Qualitative na quantitative Ọdịdị nke ndị a ogige bụ mgbe nile. Ka ihe atụ, ihe ndị mejupụtara nke mmiri na ikuku, na oké osimiri, Mmiri na ndu eme ntule egosiputa usoro H ₂ O.