Nchọpụta nke Antarctica. Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen. Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. Onye chọpụtara Antarctica?

Antarctica - a Afrika na-emi odude ke n'ebe ndịda nke ụwa anyị. Ya center bụ otu ihe ahụ (Olee ihe enyemaka) n'ebe ndịda obodo osisi. Oké osimiri gburugburu Antarctica: na Pacific, Indian na Atlantic. Merging, ha na-etolite na Southern Ocean.

N'agbanyeghị ihu igwe siri ike, na fauna nke Afrika ka dị. Taa bi Antarctica - na ọ bụ karịa 70 umu nke invertebrates. Ọzọkwa, e nwere ihe anọ dị iche iche nke penguins akwu. Ọbụna bi Antarctica mere na n'oge ochie. Nke a na-egosi na nke foduru nke dinosaurs hụrụ ebe a. N'ala a, ọbụna a onye a mụrụ (ọ bụ oge mbụ na 1978).

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke research na Antarctica tupu njem nke Bellingshausen na Lazarev

Mgbe si James Cook na ala n'okpuru Southern Arctic gburugburu, bụ adịghị n'ihi na ihe karịrị afọ 50, ọ dịghị onye nchoputa achọghị agọnahụ na omume echiche nke a isi ikike. Otú ọ dị, ọ ga-ahụ kwuru na 1800-10 biennium. na Pacific Ocean, ya subantarctic gbalaga British-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri hụrụ obere ala. Na 1800, Genri Uoterhauz hụrụ ebe a Antipodes Islands, na 1806 Abraham Bristow meghere Auckland Islands, na 1810 Frederick Hesselbro wee banyere. Campbell.

Oghere nke New Shetland W. Smith

Uilyam Smit, ọzọ isi ndi England, bụ onye na-eje ije na a ibu ke Valparaiso na brig "Williams" e ẹsịn oké ifufe ahụ kwụsịrị Cape Horn na Ndida. Na 1819, na February 19, o ugboro abụọ hụ ala ahụ, emi odude ọzọ n'ebe ndịda, nara ya site na njedebe nke Southern Afrika. W. Smith laghachi n'ebe-June, na ya akụkọ banyere nke a chọpụtara bụ nnọọ mmasị dinta. Nke abụọ oge, ọ gara Valparaiso na September 1819 wee pụọ ọchịchọ ịmata ka "ha" ala. Ọ enyoba n'ụsọ oké osimiri 2 ụbọchị, mgbe ahụ wee nweta ya, mgbe e mesịrị na-akpọ New Shetland.

The echiche na-ahazi a Russian njem

Sarychev, Kotzebue na Krusenstern malitere Russian njem, bụ onye nzube bụ ịchọ Southern Afrika. Alexander m mma ha amaghị na February 1819. Otú ọ dị, ya tụgharịa na n'oge e nwere nnọọ ole na ole-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri: gara zubere afọ a ke ndaeyo. N'ihi na nke amì nke njem gụnyere heterogeneous ikpe - converted n'ime a sloop iga "Udo" na sloop "East". Ma ụgbọ mmiri ndị na-akwọpụ e emegharị ka njọ nke pola latitudes. Ha isi malitere Bellingshausen na Lazarev.

biography Bellingshausen

Faddey Bellinsgauzen mụrụ n'àgwàetiti Saaremaa (ugbu a - Saaremaa, Estonia) August 18, 1779. Communication na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, mbọhọ ka oké osimiri, site na nwata mee ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na nwa na-enweghị mmasị na Navy. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 10 e zigara ya ndị Marine Corps. Bellingshausen, dị ka a midshipman, jiri ụgbọ mmiri gaa England. Na 1797 ọ gụchara akwụkwọ na agha na-eje ozi na n'usoro nke ikike mara na mmiri Revel skwodron ụgbọ mmiri na Baltic Oké Osimiri.

Faddey Bellinsgauzen na 1803-06 ọ abuana ke igwu na Lisiansky Kruzenshtern, nke jere ozi dị ka a ọma akwụkwọ maka ya. -Akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na-alọta n'ụlọ ọ nọgidere na-ejere ya ozi na Baltic Fleet, na mgbe ahụ, na 1810, e zigara ya na Black Sea Fleet. N'ebe a, o buru ụzọ nye iwu frigeeti "Minerva", na mgbe ahụ, "Flora." Ọtụtụ ọrụ e mere maka afọ nke ije ozi na Black Sea maka ukpụhọde nke-amụ ka chaatị dị iche iche na ebe nke Kọkeshịan n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Bellingshausen na-rụrụ a nọmba nke nkà mmụta mbara igwe kwuru. Ọ kwuru na-achịkọta ihe ndị kasị mkpa ihe nke n'ụsọ oké osimiri. The ndú nke njem, otú ọ bịara nwee ahụmahụ-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri, ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eme nnyocha.

Ònye bụ MP Lazarev?

N'okpuru ya, ọ bụ na-enyere ya aka, bụ ọchịagha nke "Udo", - Lazarev Mihail Petrovich. Ọ bụ ahụmahụ, gụrụ akwụkwọ-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri, bụ onye mesịrị ghọọ a ma ama naval ọchịagha na nchoputa nke Lazarev Naval Postgraduate School. Lazarev Mihail Petrovich mụrụ n'afọ 1788, 3 November, na Vladimir n'ógbè. Na 1803 ọ gụchara akwụkwọ na Marine Corps, na mgbe ahụ maka 5 afọ na-egwu mmiri na Mediterranean na North Oké Osimiri, na Atlantic, Pacific na Indian osimiri. Lazarev na-alọta, ọ wee na-efe na ụgbọ mmiri, "Vsevolod". Ọ abuana ke agha megide Anglo-Swedish nsoro. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ o jere ozi na Lazarev "Phoenix" wee akụkụ ke landings na Danzig.

Na aro nke a nkwonkwo Russian-American Company na September 1813, ọ ghọrọ onyeisi nke ụgbọ mmiri "Suvorov", nke mere ka ya njem mbụ gburugburu ụwa ka n'ikperé Alaska. N'oge a njem, o gosiri na ya anaghị na ọkà naval mara na a dimkpa nchoputa.

Preparations maka njem

N'ihi na a ogologo oge e a ohere iputa post of onyeisi "East" na isi nke njem. Naanị otu ọnwa tupu ụzọ ọpụpụ na oké osimiri na ọ mma site FF Bellingshausen. Ya mere, ọrụ na set nke abụọ crews ndị a mmiri (banyere 190 ndị mmadụ), nakwa dị ka na-enye ha na ọ dị mkpa maka a ogologo njem na nchigharị na sloop "Udo" dina n'elu ubu ọchịagha nke ụgbọ mmiri, MP Lazarev. The isi ọrụ nke njem a họpụtara dị ka kpere ọkà mmụta sayensị. "Udo" na "East" ndị na-akwanyere ùgwù ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi na ya size. "Udo" bụ adaba na naanị furu efu, "East" - na njem na-agba.

The mbụ oghere

Ma ụgbọ mmiri ndị July 4, 1819 si Kronstadt. Otú malitere njem nke Bellingshausen na Lazarev. Akwọ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ruru banyere. South Georgia na December. Ha na-2 ụbọchị e rụrụ ihe yiri nkata nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri nke agwaetiti na meghere ọzọ otu, nke aha ya bụ na nsọpụrụ nke Annenkov, Lieutenant, "Udo." Mgbe ahụ, na-aga n'ebe ndịda-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ụgbọ meghere December 22 na March 23 obere agwaetiti nke mgbawa ugwu si (na Marquis de agazu).

Mgbe ahụ, na-akpụ akpụ n'ebe ndịda-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na Antarctic nchọpụta ruru oghe D. Cook "Sanwichi nke Earth." Nke a, dị ka ọ tụgharịa si, akipelago. Ke doro anya na ihu igwe, obere na ndị a n'akụkụ, January 3, 1820 Russian bịara nso Southern Thule - na nke dịkarịrị nso na osisi òkè nke ala, na-emeghe Cooke. Ha chọpụtara na "ụwa" Nke a bụ a 3-nkume agwaetiti kpuchie ebighi ice na snow.

The mbụ ịgafe nke Antarctic gburugburu

Russian, na-ezere oké ice nọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, 15 January 1820 maka oge mbụ gafere Antarctic gburugburu. N'echi ya, ha zutere na ụzọ ha kpụkọrọ nke Antarctica. Ha ruru a oké elu na agbatị n'ofè mmiri. Òtù nke njem wee n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ma mgbe nile na zutere na nke a na Afrika. nsogbu a na-edozi a na ụbọchị na D. Cooke atụle-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị: Russian bịakwutere ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ ntule "ice Afrika" bụ ihe na-erughị 3 km. Na 110 afọ na ice nke Antarctica hụrụ Norwegian whalers. Ha na-akpọ nke a na Afrika Princess Martha Coast.

A ole na ole approximations na Chile na nchọpụta nke ice shelf

"Vostok" na "Udo", na-agbalị iji nweta gburugburu agaghi aga ice si n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, 3 ugboro a n'oge okpomọkụ gafere Arctic gburugburu. Ha chọrọ ịga nso ka osisi, ma enweghị ike ịga n'ihu karịa nke mbụ. Ọtụtụ ugboro na ụgbọ mmiri ndị n'ihe ize ndụ. Na mberede a doro anya ụbọchị amama ọchịchịrị, ọ e snowing, ifufe na-eto siri ike, na mmiri na-aghọ nta-adịghị ahụ anya. Na mpaghara ebe a, na ice shelf chọpụtara, aha ya bụ na 1960 na nsọpụrụ nke Lazarev. Ọ na-e-mapped, Otú ọ dị, ihe ka ukwuu n'ebe ugwu nke ya ugbu a na ọnọdụ. O sina dị, ọ dịghị ndudue: ọ bụ ugbu a ike, na ice shelves nke Antarctica na-alaghachi azụ n'ebe ndịda.

Na-egwu mmiri na Indian Ocean na-adọba ụgbọala na Sydney

Ọ biri na a obere Antarctic n'oge okpomọkụ. Na 1820, ná mmalite March, "Udo" na "East" lawara na nkwekọrịta iji mma inyocha 50th ohere nke Indian Ocean na ndịda-ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ha zutere na April na Sydney ma nọrọ n'ebe a ọnwa. Bellingshausen na Lazarev na July nyochara Tuamotu Archipelago, chọpụtara ebe a a nọmba nke mmadụ bi atolls, nke na e mapped na aha ya bụ ha na nsọpụrụ nke Russian statesmen, ọchịagha na admirals.

n'ihu nchoputa

K. Thorson rutere maka oge mbụ na atolls Greig na Moller. Na emi odude ke n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'etiti nke Tuamotu na-aha ya bụ Bellingshausen banyere gị-Russia. Ke edere nke agwaetiti na map pụtara Lazarev. Ụgbọ mmiri ndị si n'ebe ahu ka Tahiti. August 1 n'ebe ugwu, ha hụrụ ya banyere. East, na on August 19, na ụzọ azụ Sydney hụrụ n'ebe ndịda-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Fiji nwere ọtụtụ agwaetiti, gụnyere Islands Simonov na Mikhailov.

New wakpo na-adịdebeghị mmiri

Na November 1820, mgbe na-adọba ụgbọala na Port Jackson, ndị njem wee gaa "Chile ice floe" na guzogideworo a oké ifufe ke ufọt ufọt December. Sloops atọ ọzọ gafere Arctic gburugburu. Ugboro abụọ ha nso Chile bụghị ihe kwesịrị ekwesị, ọ dị, n'ihi na atọ na-ahụ anya ihe ịrịba ama nke ala. Na 1821, January 10th, njem kwagara n'ebe ndịda, ma a manyere agbahapụ azụ ka ice n'ihu pụta. Russian, mbịne n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, hụrụ a awa ole na ole mbenesụk. Island kpuchie na snow, na aha ya bụ na nsọpụrụ nke Peter I.

Oghere Alexander m Coast

January 15 ke doro anya weather Antarctic nchọpụta ụzọ nke ọma n'ala dị n'ebe ndịda. Na "Udo" meghere headland jikọrọ a circuit nke ala ugwu warara, na "East" bụ anya ugwu ugwu n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Bellingshausen kpọrọ ya "Kpachara Anya Maka Alexander m". Nweta ya n'ihi na nke siri ike ice, dị mwute ikwu na, ọ na-emezughị. Bellingshausen ọzọ tụgharịa ndịda ba Drake Mpaghara akwukwo, chọpụtara ebe a New Shetland, oghe W. Smith. Pioneers Antarctica enyocha ya na chọpụtara na ọ bụ a yinye agwaetiti na ịgbatị ihe fọrọ nke nta 600 km n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ụfọdụ South Shetland Islands na-aha ya bụ na ebe nchekwa nke-agha Napoleon.

The results nke njem

On January 30, ọ hụrụ na ndị "East" isi overhaul a chọrọ, na e kpebiri na-atụgharị n'ebe ugwu. Na 1821, July 24, na sloop laghachi Kronstadt, mgbe a njem nke 751 ụbọchị. N'oge a, ndị achọpụta ihe Antarctica ji ụgbọ mmiri na 527 ụbọchị, na 122 nke ha - na n'ebe ndịda nke 60 Celsius S. w.

Dị ka ihe a zuru okè obodo njem bụ kasị ukwuu narị afọ nke 19 na nke mbụ bụ na ihe mere eme nke Russian Antarctic njem. A ọhụrụ akụkụ nke ụwa, a chọpụtara, aha mgbe Antarctic. Site obot 9 ugboro bịakwutere Russian-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri, na anọ na-eru nso na a anya nke 3-15 km. Achọpụta ihe Antarctica maka oge mbụ kọwara dị n'akụkụ "ice Afrika" nnukwu mmiri, nkewa na kọwara ice Afrika, na n'ozuzu ndị ziri ezi akparamagwa nke ya idụhe. 28 ihe e mapped Antarctica, na ihe nile nke ha natara Russian aha. Na ogbe, na elu ndịda latitudes ekpughere 29 isuo.