Kedu ihe bụ kpakpando: aha, àgwà. Ndepụta nke kpakpando

N'ile anya na mbara igwe dị ka nwatakịrị, anyị na-agbalị ịghọta ihe kpakpando dị. Anyị nwere mmasị na aha ndị kpakpando nke ọgụgụ ahụ kpụrụ, ma ọ bụghị nkọwa nke echiche nke "igwe kpakpando". Ka ọ dịgodị, ọbụlagodi ịghọ ndị okenye, anyị anaghị aghọta mgbe niile ihe dị n'azụ okwu a maara.

Ntugharị

Ebe nchekwa nke na-efeba na mbara igwe agaghị enweta ụdị ọ bụla dị na mbara igwe. Ihe kpatara nke a bụ na kpakpando ndị ụgha, dị ka o yiri ka anyị, na otu ụgbọelu ahụ, n'ezie dị anya n'ebe ibe ha nọ n'ebe dị anya. Igwe kpakpando bụ ihe atụ nke obere oberibe nke mbara igwe na ihe niile dị n'ime ya.

A bit nke akụkọ ihe mere eme

Nnọchite anya banyere ìgwè kpakpando ndị dị aṅaa, na narị afọ dịgasị iche iche dị iche. Taa, 88 ihe osise nke eluigwe dị iche iche, ma nke a abụghị mgbe niile. E mere ndokwa kpakpando oge ochie na aha ha ka Ptolemy kọwaara ya na Almagest. Ndepụta ya gụnyere 48 eserese eluigwe. Ha niile, ma e wezụga otu, ejiriwo aha ha ruo ugbu a. E mesịa, e kewara ndị ụkọ kpakpando nke Argo (ụgbọ mmiri Argonauts) na atọ dị ntakịrị: Kiel, Korma na Sail. Ná mmalite, a kọwara ihe osise eluigwe, nke a kpọrọ ndị oge ochie, na narị afọ anọ tupu Ptolemy, na 245 BC. E Nke a na-eme Grik - onye na-ede uri bụ Arat.

Mkpa ị gbakwunye na ndepụta dị ugbu a bịara n'ụbọchị nke Great Discoveries: kpakpando ndị e sere na map ndị ahụ enyereghị aka ịnyaba oke osimiri. Ná ngwụsị nke narị afọ nke 16, ndị njem bụ Frederic de Hautman na Peter Keizer jikọtara kpakpando ahụ n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'eluigwe. N'ime ha bụ Chameleon, Phoenix, South Hydra. Enwere ike ịhụ kpakpando iri na abụọ na map nke ebe ugwu nke mbara igwe.

N'afọ 1613, Peter Plancius sere ọhụụ dị iche iche nke eluigwe n'elu ụwa ya, na 1624, ekele nke German astronomer, dọkịta na mgbakọ na mwepụ bụ James Barchu, e jiri ha mee ihe n'ụwa nile. Today na na map nke elu-igwe nọgidere na abụọ n'ime ha - girraaf na Unicorn.

Nhazi ikpeazụ

E depụtaghị ndepụta nke ìgwè kpakpando na nke a. Jan Hevelius nke dị na narị afọ nke 17 pụtara asaa ọzọ ihe nkiri kpakpando (Sextant, Little Lion, Lizard, Shield, Lynx, Chanterelle, Dogs Hounds). N'ime ihe ndị a, narị afọ nke 18, Nicolas Louis de LaCaille nyere onyinye ya. O gosiputara kpakpando iri na asaa nke mejuputara akwukwo.

Otú ọ dị, nke a akwụsịghị akụkọ ihe mere eme nke aha ndị kpakpando. Ihe odide nke elu-igwe nke oge ochie gbaliri otutu ugboro ka ha weghachite aha, chigharia chi ndi Grik na ndi dike na ndi nsioma nke ndi Kristain. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ebube nke ndị Olympia chọrọ inwe mmetụta nke ndị na-achị achị na ndị isi agha. Ka o sina dị, mgbalị ndị a niile emezughị.

Uzo

Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị nke narị afọ nke 18, a ghọtara nghọta nke oge a banyere ìgwè kpakpando ndị ahụ. Aha nke ihe oyiyi nke elu igwe ka a na-ahụkarị. Ọ bụ naanị iji chọpụta ókèala.

Taa, n'okpuru igwe ojii a ghọtara ọ bụghị nanị ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-enye ìhè, na-ekepụta ihe a na-achọpụta. Na ya na-ebu "ókèala" niile dị nso kpakpando ndị a. Okpokoro kpakpando di iche iche di iche iche kwadoro n'afo 1935 mgbe ha jisiri otutu oru nke otutu ndi na-enyocha mbara igwe.

Ọga n'ihu

Na map, a na-edozi ìgwè kpakpando ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-ele kpakpando niile abalị, ọ dị mfe ịhụ na eserese eluigwe na-aga n'ihu. Ụfọdụ na-agagharị na otu etiti, ndị ọzọ na-akọwa ar ma zoo n'azụ mmiri. A na-akpọ mgbanwe a n'ọnọdụ a na-agbanwe agbanwe kwa ụbọchị. Ọ bụrụ na ndị na-ekiri ekiri bụ na ndị Northern Hemisphere na na-ihu n'ebe ndịda, kpakpando ya ga-akpali na a malite direction, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na-apụ n'anya na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Igwe ndị kachasị elu na-ebili n'elu ebe ndịda. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-ele mmegharị nke kpakpando, na-eche ihu n'ebe ugwu, foto ahụ gbanwere. Ụfọdụ kpakpando anaghị agafe, ma kọwaa gburugburu na mbara igwe. Ya center a na-akpọ Ugwu osisi nke ụwa. Ọ dị nso na North Star.

N'otu oge ahụ, otu ebe ahụ na-egbuke egbuke na-ebili mgbe nile ma debe ya na ebe doro anya, n'adịghị ka Sun na Ọnwa, ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ na-agbanwe kwa ụbọchị. Earth satellite na ụbọchị-kpakpando "njem" si otu ìgwè kpakpando ọzọ. Ya mere, ha "na-eleta" eserese iri na abụọ nke eluigwe. Anyanwụ na-agafe n'afọ, na ọnwa - maka 27 na obere ụbọchị. "Ụlọ" nwere "ezumike", nke na-ewe ìhè ụbọchị n'otu ọnwa iri na abụọ, ga-abụ zodiac circle.

Ụdị kpakpando

Ikekwe, onye ọ bụla maara ihe kpakpando nke akara zodiac. Ọ bụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ọ bụ onye na-ekiri ya ka ọ dị n'ime ọnwa ọhụụ ma na-egosi nanị mgbe ọnwa isii gasịrị.

Zodiac ama ama ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ ruo ogologo oge. A na-anụ ụfọdụ n'ime aha ha na Mesopotemia, bụ ihe ọmụmụ nke otu n'ime obodo mbụ. Okwu ahụ bụ "zodiac" nke sitere na Grik: zodiakos na nsụgharị pụtara "mma". Ulo oru iri na abuo anatawo aha a n'ihi na otutu n'ime ha yiri umu anumanu.

Uzo Zodiac gbara gburugburu orbit obughi nani nke Ọnwa, kama nke uwa nile nke Solar System. A na-ahụ ya na n'akuku nke anọ na-anọ na mbara igwe ma na-agbanye ya na isi abụọ dị na mmiri na ụbịa equinox.

Ogwe nke Ụwa

O kwere omume ịza n'ụzọ dịgasị iche iche ajụjụ nke igwe kpakpando. Ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe maka mkpebi ha emepewo usoro nlekọta pụrụ iche. Anyị ekwuolarị ugwu ugwu nke ụwa. Ọ dị mfe iche na e nwere a South kwuru na ìgwè kpakpando nke Southern Cross. Na ebe mkpanaka, e nwere equator. N'ime usoro nhazi nke emere na mbara igwe, enwere nkedo (ohere, ube na equator) na nrigo nrigo (longitude).

Egwuregwu na-agafe site na ụfọdụ kpakpando: Orion, Pisces, Kit, Taurus, Eridan, Sextant, Eagle, Unicorn, Hydra, Ophiuchus, Small Dog, Lion, Aquarius, Snake. Akụkụ nke ihe osise ndị a dị na mbara igwe bụ ịnweta maka ịhụ ihe ọ bụla n'ebe ụwa. Nke a ga-ekwe omume n'ihi ọnọdụ nke ìgwè kpakpando.

North

E nwere ọtụtụ ọkwa ndị ọzọ na-eme ka anyị ghọta echiche nke igwe kpakpando dị. A na-ekepụta ihe niile edere n'eluigwe na ndị nke Northern ma ọ bụ Southern nke ụwa nke kpakpando nke kpakpando.

Ndepụta nke kpakpando nke Northern Hemisphere gụnyere ihe oyiyi nke akara atọ nke Zodiac: Gemini, Aries and Cancer. Nke a na - agụnye ụmụ anụmanụ anụ ọhịa nke eluigwe: Big na Little Dipper, Dolphin, Dragọn, Giraffe, Nkịta, Swan, Fox, obere ịnyịnya na obere ọdụm, Lynx na Lizard. N'etiti ìgwè kpakpando nke Northern Hemisphere, a na-akpọkwa aha ndị isi akụkọ oge ochie: Hair nke Veronica, Andromeda, Cepheus, Perseus, Pegasus, Hercules, Cassiopeia, Volopas, na ihe ndị a na-akọwa: Lyra, Sextant, Arrow, Triangle.

N'akuku nke uwa

Ugbu a, ka anyị hụ ihe igwe kpakpando ndị a nwere ike ịhụ maka onye na-ekiri na Southern. Edere ọtụtụ ihe osise nke eluigwe ebe a na ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ na akụkụ ha: Altar, Compass, Forage, Kiel, Microscope, Bowl, Squire, Octant, Telescope, Pump, Cutter, Sails, Stove, Grid, Compass, Clock, Shield, Crown Crown, Southern Cross na South Triangle. Site na ihe ịrịba ama nke Zodiac gaa na kpakpando ndịda gụnyere Capricorn, Scorpio and Sagittarius. N'ime akwukwo ihe omuma a bu nani Phoenix na Cepheus, ma enwere ugbua (Sculptor and Painter) na onye nnọchiteanya nke otu ndi (Indian), nakwa nke ihe omuma nke okike (Table Mountain). E nwere ọtụtụ ebe na ụmụ anụmanụ: Nnukwu Nkịta, Ugo, Ugo, Wolf, Flying, Gold na South Pisces, Crane, Hare, Paradise Bird, Peacock, Fly, Toucan, Chameleon, South Hydra.

Oge oyi na ọkọchị

Nke a abụghị naanị ụzọ ịza ajụjụ nke igwe kpakpando dị. Ụkpụrụ ọzọ nke nhazi ọkwa bụ oge nke afọ nke kachasị mma a ga-ahụ nke eluigwe. E kwuwerị, n'oge okpomọkụ, oge oyi, mmiri na ụbịa, ihe oyiyi dị iche iche na-achịkwa.

Na June, July na August igwe icho mma ìgwè kpakpando Cygnus, Lyra na Eagle, egbuke ihe nke na-etolite asterism Summer Triangle. Na oge a kwa afọ ka a na-ahụ Bootes, North Crown, Compasses, Hercules na ọtụtụ ihe osise eluigwe.

N'oge oyi, ohere n'elu isi gị adịghị mma karịa n'oge okpomọkụ. N'anyasị, n'elu mmiri na-apụta igwe ojii Orion. Ọ dị mfe ịchọta ihe atọ na-egbukepụ egbukepụ. Nke a asterism Orion si echebe Mmadụ. N'okpuru na nani aka nri ya bụ Rigel, kpakpando kachasị amara na mbara igwe a. Ọ bụrụ na eriri ahụ na-aga n'ihu na ala, mgbe ahụ, usoro ahụ ga-akwụsị n'oge na-adịghị anya megide Sirius, Alfa Great Dog na kpakpando kachasịnụ na mbara igwe dum. Nnukwu Obere na Obere Nkịta na-ezo aka na igwe kpakpando oyi. Na njedebe nke ọzọ, akara ogologo, na-agafe Orion Belt, dị na Aldebaran, na-ezo aka Taurus.

Na ụbịa na mmiri

Ọgwụgwụ nke ọkọchị na-esonyere ya na ngbanwe nke igwe kpakpando kachasị elu. Ugbu a, ihe kacha mma bụ Azụ, Cassiopeia na Andromeda. Ọ bụ ezie na ìhè ha dị ntakịrị karịa Orion na Lebed, ha na-eme ka ihu igwe dị mma karịa na ha kwesịkwara ilebara anya.

Na oge opupu ihe ubi, etiti kpakpando nke Big Dipper, ọdụm, Virgin, na Bootes. N'ezie, enwere ike ịhụ ha na oge ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ oge opupu ihe ubi - oge nke "ịchị" ha na mbara igwe.

Igwe kpakpando na aha nke kpakpando ka amara anyi site n'oge ochie. Kemgbe ahụ, e mewo ndokwa ha ma gbanwee. Ndepụta nke 88 edere dị na mbara igwe bụ azịza zuru ezu nke na-aza ajụjụ nke ụlọ kpakpando ndị dị. Aha ha na-enye echiche banyere oge ọdịdị ihe osise ndị a dị na map nke mbara igwe nke kpakpando. Ya mere, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe odide akụkọ ihe omimi niile na oge Gris oge ochie na Rom. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ ndị maara ụmụ mmadụ nke oge a maara, yana ihe osise nke ndị na-ese ihe na ngwá egwú dị iche iche, na-esi na ịmegharị map nke kpakpando na narị afọ nke 17 na 18. Ọchịchọ maka ìgwè kpakpando na-eme ka mmekọrịta ha na ọnụọgụ eluigwe na ogwe ụwa.