Luminescence: ụdị, ụzọ, na ngwa. Thermally kpaliri luminescence - ihe bụ nke a?

Luminescence - bụ emission nke ìhè site na ụfọdụ ihe na a dịtụ oyi ala. Ọ dị iche si radieshon nke incandescent ozu, dị ka ọkụ osisi ma ọ bụ coal, a wụrụ awụ ígwè na a waya ewe iwe site eletrik. luminescence emission a hụrụ:

• na neon na fluorescent oriọna, telivishọn, Rada ákwà na fluoroscopes;
• na organic bekee ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka luminol ma ọ bụ luciferin na fireflies;
• na ụfọdụ pigments eji na n'èzí mgbasa ozi;
• na àmụmà na Aurora.

Na ndị a niile phenomena ìhè emission na-adịghị mere site kpo oku na ihe onwunwe n'elu ụlọ okpomọkụ, n'ihi ya, ọ na-akpọ oyi ìhè. The bara uru nke luminescent ihe dị ha ike ịgbanwe-apụghị ịhụ anya ụdị ume anya ìhè.

Isi mmalite na usoro

luminescence onu emee ka a N'ihi nke ike absorption ihe onwunwe, n'ihi na ihe atụ, site na a isi iyi nke ultraviolet ma ọ bụ X-ụzarị, elektrọn ibé, chemical Jeremaya mere, na na. d. Nke a na-apụta umi atọm na obi ụtọ ala. Ebe ọ bụ ejighị n'aka, ihe-alaghachi mbụ ya ala, na etinye obi gị dum ike a tọhapụrụ ka ìhè na / ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ. The usoro na-agụnye naanị ná mpụta electrons. luminescence arụmọrụ adabere ruo n'ókè nke akakabarede nke excitation ume ìhè. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe na nwere zuru ezu arụmọrụ irè ojiji, dịtụ obere.

Luminescence na incandescence

luminescence excitation-adịghị metụtara ndị excitation nke atọm. Mgbe ọkụ ihe-amalite na-egbukepụ egbukepụ dị ka a n'ihi nke bulbs, ha atọm ndị na-enwe obi ụtọ ala. Ọ bụ ezie na ha jijiji ọbụna na ụlọ okpomọkụ, ọ bụ iji na na radieshon mere na anya infrared spektral mpaghara. Na-amụba okpomọkụ akọwa ugboro nke akpa radieshon na anya mpaghara. N'aka nke ọzọ, dị ezigbo ọkụ nke na-eme ka ihe atụ, na ujo akpa, atọm collisions nwere ike ịbụ nnọọ ike nke na ndị electrons e kewapụrụ ha na recombine, emitting ìhè. Na nke a, luminescence na incandescent ibu indistinguishable.

Fluorescent pigments na e ji esiji ákwà,

Ot pigments na e ji esiji ákwà nwere agba ka ha na-egosipụta na otu akụkụ nke ụdịdị dị iche iche nke bụ arụkọ etinye obi gị dum. A obere akụkụ nke ike converted n'ime okpomọkụ, ma a dị ịrịba ama emission emee. Ọ bụrụ na, Otú ọ dị, fluorescent ink amịkọrọ ìhè na nso nke a akpan akpan ebe, ọ nwere ike emit photons, iche echiche. Nke a mere dị ka a N'ihi nke Filiks n'ime ji esiji ákwà ma ọ bụ ink molekul, nke ultraviolet ìhè nwere ike converted n'ime anya, n'ihi na ihe atụ, acha anụnụ anụnụ ìhè. Dị otú ahụ luminescence ụzọ na-eji n'èzí mgbasa ozi na na saa ntụ. Na nke ikpeazụ ahụ, "clarifier" na-anọgide na anụ ahụ abụghị naanị iji na-egosipụta na-acha ọcha, ma na-iji tọghata ultraviolet radieshon n'ime-acha anụnụ anụnụ, odo of compensating na ime whiteness.

n'oge ọmụmụ

Ọ bụ ezie na àmụmà Aurora na dull na-egbukepụ egbukepụ nke fireflies na fungi mgbe a mara ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ, mbụ luminescence ọmụmụ malite na sịntetik ihe onwunwe, mgbe Vincenzo Kaskariolo My Chemical Romance na shoemaker of Bologna (Italy), na 1603 g. Kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ngwakọta nke barium sulfate (barite n'ụdị, arọ spar) na coal. The powder nwetara mgbe obi jụrụ, n'abalị-acha anụnụ anụnụ luminescence enwupụta, na Kaskariolo chọpụtara na o nwere ike weghachiri eweghachi site na-edo na ntụ ntụ ka ìhè anyanwụ. The umi aha ya bụ "nkume lapis solaris" ma ọ bụ sunstone, n'ihi alchemists na-ele anya na ọ bụ ike na-atụgharị isi ọla n'ime gold, ndị nnọchiteanya nke bụ anyanwụ. Afterglow mere ka mmasị ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke oge, na-enye ihe na ndị ọzọ na aha, nke gụnyere "site", nke pụtara "ụgbọelu nke ìhè".

Taa aha "site" na-eji naanị maka chemical mmewere, mgbe microcrystalline luminescent ihe a na-akpọ a phosphor. "Site na" Kaskariolo, o doro anya, bụ barium sulfide. The mbụ commercially dị phosphor (1870) ghọrọ "agba Balmain" - ngwọta nke calcium sulfide. Na 1866, ọ kọwara na mbụ anụ zinc sulfide phosphor of - otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa na nkà na ụzụ.

Otu n'ime ihe mbụ ọmụmụ sayensị nke luminescence, nke na-egosipụta na rere ere osisi ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ na fireflies, e rụrụ na 1672 site na English ọkà mmụta sayensị Robert Boyle, onye, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-amaghị banyere Biochemical a si malite ìhè, ma ịtọ ụfọdụ nke ihe ndị bụ isi Njirimara nke bioluminescent usoro:

• Na-egbukepụ egbukepụ oyi;
• ọ nwere ike na-ewute ya site chemical mmadụ dị otú ahụ dị ka mmanya, hydrochloric acid na amonia;
• radieshon na-achọ ohere ka ikuku.

Na afọ 1885-1887, ọ chọpụtara na crude extracts si fireflies West Indian (pyrophorus) na klaam Foladi mgbe weere mepụtara ìhè.

The mbụ irè chemiluminescent ihe ndị nonbiological sịntetik ogige dị ka luminol, chọpụtara na 1928 afọ.

Chemi- na bioluminescence

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ike tọhapụrụ na chemical Jeremaya mere, karịsịa ọxịdashọn Jeremaya mere, nwere ụdị okpomọkụ. Na ụfọdụ ndị Jeremaya mere, kama a òkè-eji na-ejikere electrons ruo ọkwa dị elu, ma na fluorescent ụmụ irighiri n'iru chemiluminescence (cl). Studies na-egosi na cl bụ a eluigwe na ala onu, ma luminescence osisi ike dị nnọọ nta nke ọ na-achọ iji ihe mwute ziri. E nwere, Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ n'ime ogige igosipụta doro anya cl. The kasị mara nke a bụ luminol, nke n'elu ọxịdashọn na hydrogen peroxide pụrụ ịba a siri ike-acha anụnụ anụnụ ma ọ bụ-acha anụnụ anụnụ-green ìhè. Ndị ọzọ na-eme nke cl-bekee - na lucigenin lofin. N'agbanyeghị ìhè ha cl, ọ bụghị ha niile bụ ndị dị irè na n'ịtụgharị chemical ume ìhè, ie. K. erughị 1% nke ụmụ irighiri emit ìhè. Na 1960 ọ hụrụ na ndị esters nke oxalic acid, oxidized na anhydrous solvents na ọnụnọ nke ukwuu fluorescent aromatic ogige emit ìhè na arụmọrụ nke 23%.

Bioluminescence bụ a pụrụ iche ụdị chemiluminescence catalyzed site enzymes. The luminescence mmepụta nke ndị a Jeremaya mere nwere ike iru 100%, nke pụtara na onye ọ bụla molekul nke luciferin reactant abatakwa emitting ala. All maara taa bioluminescent mmeghachi omume catalyzed ọxịdashọn Jeremaya mere aa na ọnụnọ nke ikuku.

thermally kpaliri luminescence

Thermoluminescence pụtara dịghị thermal radieshon ma sie ike ìhè emission ihe, na electrons nke na-kpaliri okpomọkụ. Thermally kpaliri luminescence hụrụ ụfọdụ minerals na karịsịa na crystal phosphors mgbe ha e kpaliri ìhè.

photoluminescence

Photoluminescence nke pụtara n'okpuru edinam nke akpa radieshon mere na ihe onwunwe, nwere ike na nso nke anya ìhè site na ultraviolet ka x-ray na gamma radieshon. Na luminescence, rata site photons, wavelength nke enwupụta ìhè bụ n'ozuzu hà ma ọ bụ ukwuu karịa wavelength nke na-akpali akpali (m. E. hà ma ọ bụ obere ike). Nke a dị iche na wavelength kpatara mgbanwe nke na-abata ume vibrations nke atọm ma ọ bụ ion. Mgbe ụfọdụ, na kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ laser doo, enwupụta ìhè nwere ike a mkpumkpu wavelength.

Eziokwu ahụ bụ na pl nwere ike kpaliri ultraviolet radieshon, a chọpụtara site German physics Johann Ritter na 1801. O kwuru na ndị phosphors egbukepụ egbukepụ gbaa anya n'ógbè odo odo akụkụ nke ụdịdị dị iche iche, na si otú ahụ meghee UV radieshon. The akakabarede nke UV na anya ìhè bụ nke dị oké bara uru.

Gamma na x-ụzarị ejikere phosphors, na ndị ọzọ crystalline ihe na luminescence ala site ionization usoro sochiri recombination nke electrons na ion, adịru luminescence emee. The ojiji nke ọ bụ fluoroscopy eji na Radiology, na scintillation counters. The ikpeazụ ndekọ na tụọ gamma radieshon eduzi na a diski ntekwasa na a phosphor, nke bụ na ngwa anya na kọntaktị na elu nke photomultiplier.

triboluminescence

Mgbe kristal nke ụfọdụ bekee, dị ka shuga n'ókè, anuahade, anya ebua. Otu a hụrụ na ọtụtụ organic na inorganic bekee. All ndị a na ụdị luminescence N'ịbụ nke oma na-adịghị mma electric ebubo. Adịbeghị anya-emepụta site n'ibu nkewa na-ebupụta na crystallization usoro. Light emission ahụ na-ewe ebe site n'ije - ma ozugbo n'etiti moieties nke ụmụ irighiri ihe, ma obu site na excitation nke luminescence nke ikuku nso iche n'elu.

electroluminescence

Ka thermoluminescence, electroluminescence (EL), okwu na-agụnye iche iche nke luminescence ananu nke a na-na ìhè na-enwupụta mgbe ihe electric orùrù na, haruru, mmiri na ihe siri ike ihe. Na 1752, Benjamin Franklin guzobere luminescence àmụmà na-akpata eletriki orùrù site ikuku. Na 1860, ndị orùrù oriọna mbụ gosiri na Royal Society nke London. Ọ na-emepụta a na-egbuke egbuke na-acha ọcha na ìhè na a elu voltaji orùrù site carbon dioxide na ala nsogbu. Modern fluorescent oriọna na-dabeere na a Nchikota electroluminescence na photoluminescence mercury atọm kpaliri electric orùrù oriọna, ultraviolet radieshon enwupụta ha na converted n'ime anya ìhè site na phosphor.

EL hụrụ n'ụlọ electrodes n'oge electrolysis ruru recombination nke ion (ma si otú a ụdị chemiluminescence). N'okpuru nduzi nke electric ubi na mkpa n'ígwé nke luminescent zinc sulfide emission nke ìhè emee, nke a na-ezo dị ka electroluminescence.

A ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ihe ewepụtarịrị luminescence n'okpuru nduzi nke accelerated electrons - diamond, rubi, crystal site na ụfọdụ mgbagwoju platinum nnu. The mbụ bara uru ngwa nke cathodoluminescence - Oscilloscope (1897). Yiri meziri eji mma crystalline phosphors na-eji telivishọn, radars, oscilloscopes na elektrọn microscopes.

redio

Redioaktivu ọcha nwere ike emit Alfa ahụ (helium nuclei), electrons na gamma ụzarị (a elu-ike akpa radieshon). Radieshon luminescence - a na-egbukepụ egbukepụ kpaliri redioaktivu umi. Mgbe Alfa urughuru-akọ ọtụtụ akụkọ crystalline phosphor, anya n'okpuru mikroskopu obere filika. Ụkpụrụ a iji English physics Ernest Rutherford, iji gosi na atọm nwere a Central isi. Self-luminous agba na-eji maka na-akanye nche na ndị ọzọ na ngwaọrụ na-dabeere na RL. Ha iso nke phosphor na redioaktivu umi, n'ihi na ihe atụ tritium ma ọ bụ radium. Nnukwu eke luminescence - bụ Aurora borealis: redioaktivu Filiks na anyanwụ emit n'ime oghere nnukwu pụta electrons na ion. Mgbe ha na-agakwuru ndị Earth, ya geomagnetic ubi na-eduzi ha ka ha na okporo osisi ya. Gas-agbapụta n'ahụ Filiks na elu n'ígwé nke ikuku na ike a ma ama Aurora.

Luminescence: physics nke usoro

Emission nke anya ìhè (ie. E. Na wavelengths n'etiti 690 nm na 400 nm) excitation achọ ume, nke na-ekpebisi ike na ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ Einstein iwu. Energy (E) bụ hà Planck si mgbe nile (h), ba uba site ugboro nke ìhè (ν) ma ọ bụ ya na-agba na a agụụ (c), kewara ekewa site wavelength (λ): E = hν = HC / λ.

N'ihi ya, ike mkpa maka excitation àmà site 40 kilocalories (maka red) 60 kcal (n'ihi na-acha odo odo), na 80 calories (na-acha odo odo) kwa mol nke umi. Ụzọ ọzọ nke na-ekwupụta ike - na elektrọn volts (1 eV = 1,6 × 10 ^-12 erg) - si 1.8 na 3.1 eV.

The excitation ume na-agafere na electrons maka luminescence na-awụlikwa elu site ya ala ozo na a elu. Ọnọdụ ndị a na-ekpebisi ike site na iwu nke kwantum arụzi. Dị iche iche na usoro nke excitation na-adabere ma ya emee ke otu na-edebe irighiri, ma ọ bụ na ihe n'ịgwa nke ụmụ irighiri na crystal. Ha na-butere site n'oru nke accelerated ahụ, dị ka electrons, mma ion ma ọ bụ photons.

Mgbe mgbe, excitation ume bụ budata elu karịa chọrọ ịkpọlite ihe elektrọn radieshon. Ka ihe atụ, phosphor luminescence crystal telivishọn meziri, cathode electrons emepụta na pụtara ume nke 25,000 volts. O sina dị, agba nke fluorescent ìhè bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta onwe ha nke urughuru ike. Ọ na-enwe mmetụta na larịị nke obi ụtọ ala nke crystal ike emmepe.

fluorescent oriọna

The ahụ, n'ihi na nke luminescence emee - a elu electrons nke atọm ma ọ bụ na ụmụ irighiri ihe. Na fluorescent oriọna, dị ka mercury atọm na-chụpụrụ n'okpuru nduzi nke ike 6.7 eV ma ọ bụ karịa, na-eweli otu n'ime mmadụ abụọ elu electrons ka a elu. Mgbe ya alọta n'ala ala dị iche na ume-enwupụta dị ka ultraviolet ìhè na a wavelength nke 185 nm. The mgbanwe n'etiti isi na ọzọ larịị arụpụta ultraviolet radieshon na 254 nm, nke n'aka, pụrụ inye nsọpụrụ ọzọ phosphor amụba anya ìhè.

Nke a radieshon bụ karịsịa ufiop na ala nsogbu mercury Alụlụụ (10 ^-5 ikuku) eji na gas orùrù oriọna nke ala nsogbu. N'ihi ya banyere 60% nke elektrọn ike converted n'ime a monochromatic UV ìhè.

Na elu nsogbu, ugboro enwekwu. Spektra aba iso nke otu spektral akara nke 254 nm, na radieshon ike a na-ekesa site na spektral edoghi kwekọrọ iche iche electronic etoju: 303, 313, 334, 366, 405, 436, 546 na 578 nm. Elu nsogbu mercury oriọna na-eji ìhè, ebe ọ bụ na anya 405-546 nm-acha anụnụ anụnụ-green ìhè, mgbe yie nke radieshon na-acha uhie uhie ìhè eji a phosphor dị ka a N'ihi amama ọcha.

Mgbe gas ụmụ irighiri nwere oké obi ụtọ, ha luminescence spektra egosi sara mbara na ìgwè ndị agha; bụghị naanị electrons na-akpọlite ndị etoju elu ume ma n'out oge obi ụtọ ọma jijiji na rotational ngagharị nke atọm ke ofụri. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọma jijiji na rotational ike nke ụmụ irighiri bụ 10 ^-2 na 10 ^-4 nke mgbanwe ume, nke tinye aka kọwaa a plurality nke ubé dị iche iche wavelength mmiri nke a otu gbalaga. The ibu ụmụ irighiri nwere ọtụtụ overlapping ibe, otu onye maka otu ụdị mgbanwe. Radieshon ụmụ irighiri na ngwọta advantageously ribbonlike na mere site na mmekọrịta nke a dịtụ ukwuu nke obi ụtọ na ụmụ irighiri ihe na mgbaze ụmụ irighiri. Na ụmụ irighiri ihe, dị ka na-edebe oge abuana ke luminescence elu electrons nke molekụla orbitals.

Fluorescence na phosphorescence

Usoro ndị a nwere ike oké bụghị nanị dabeere na oge nke luminescence, ma site na ya na usoro nke mmepụta. Mgbe ihe elektrọn na-ụtọ na a singlet ala na n'umu nime ya 10 ^-8 s, site na nke ọ nwere ike mfe laghachiri n'ala, umi ewepụtarịrị ya ume ka fluorescence. N'oge Transition, na atụ ogho adịghị agbanwe. Basic na obi ụtọ na-ekwu, nwere a yiri multiplicity.

Electron Otú ọ dị, nwere ike a ga-akpọlite ka a elu ume larịị (akpọ "ihe ụtọ triplet ala") na ya azụ ọgwụgwọ. Na kwantum-arụzi ụgbọala, ndị ikwu n'ụzọ si triplet ala na singlet aju, ya mere, oge nke ha ndụ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Ya mere, luminescence na nke a bụ ihe ndị ọzọ ogologo oge: e phosphorescence.