Ọdịdị nke ahụ vertebra. Atụmatụ nke Ọdịdị nke ahụ vertebrae nke cervical, thoracic na lumbar spain

Ọ maara na mmadụ ọkpụkpụ azụ mee nke iri atọ na anọ vertebrae, ise nke nke dịịrị lumbar region, asaa - na cervical, iri na abua - ka ara, ise - na sacrum na coccyx ngalaba. Mgbanwe aa na Ụwa ihu igwe (akpan akpan, ya na oké okpomọkụ na-eme n'ọdịnihu), pụrụ inye aka hụ na ahụ mmadụ na isi ga-abụ ihe elongated spain - na thicker gwakọtara ya na lumbar sacrum. Ma nke a hypothetical eme nke narị afọ iri ọhụrụ.

Taa ọkpụkpụ azụ nke mmadụ bụ anụ na axis "cabling" Ọdịdị, nke nwere ike na-ahuta ka a poolu nke a ụgbọ mmiri na-akwado na efere "Rhea" n'ogo nke ubu-ọkiké. Ọdịdị nke a typical vertebra bụ ubé dị iche iche dị iche iche na nke a usoro, spain, ma e nwere mkpa nkịtị atụmatụ.

Kasị vertebrae nwere a "ahu" na "ụkwụ"

Karịsịa, ndị kasị ibu size nwere a na-akpọ vertebral ahụ na-enwe a cylindrical udi.

The n'elu n'ihu n'azụ n'akụkụ nke ahụ mmadụ, nwere a mgbagwoju Ọdịdị. abụọ articular Filiks na-hụrụ na inyịme si azụ nke aak, na nkerisi ya abụọ. N'ihu onye ọ bụla articular usoro nwere "ụkwụ", na n'azụ - abụọ efere, nke dabara spinous usoro. Na nke a, dum nke vertebra nwekwara ịgbatị transverse Filiks na larịị nke articular Filiks. Ebe a bụ ihe owuwu nke vertebrae na ahụ mmadụ, nke na-enyere ihe ezigbo nkekọ muscle anụ ahụ.

setịpụrụ nke vertebrae na-enye ohere na-enye static na ike

The vetikal mmiri nke vertebra bụ anatomical itule, nke na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke atọ "ogidi" na ọkpụkpụ Ọdịdị. Nke mbụ nke a iche-iche na-articulated vertebral ozu onwe ha (site intervertebral discs), nke abụọ na nke atọ bụ n'azụ na-anọchi anya articular Filiks, interconnecting site artroidalnyh nkwonkwo. Ọdịdị nke ahụ vertebra dị otú ahụ na ha Nchikota na-eme ka o kwe omume na-egwu a static ọrụ eduga "osisi" na-akpa ike ọrụ - na azụ so, nke na-enye ohere na-ehulata spinal kọlụm na-akpali ke ofụri ofụri. Ibughari mmewere na a usoro mejupụtara ndị intervertebral diski, na oghere n'etiti vertebrae, nkwonkwo (interapofizarnyh), interspinous ọgọdọ odo (na-arụ ọrụ SHmorlja). Interapofizarnye nkwonkwo na-egwu a ọrụ pivot ihe na-ekwe ka ị na iwelata mkpakọ mmasị ka vertebral kọlụm.

Olee otú ndị vertebra dị iche iche na ngalaba

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-amụ Ọdịdị nke ahụ vertebra n'ogo nke ahụ, ọ nwere ike kwuru na ahụ na-shei mejupụtara elu na nke ala efere, nke na-ubé thinner na center, dị ka ọ dị na nke a saịtị cartilaginous efere. Na mpụta nke vertebral ahụ a nwere a ukwuu ọkpụrụkpụ, ebe ọ bụ na ebe a kpụrụ epiphyseal efere mmadụ nke 14-15 afọ, mgbe nke merges na vertebral ahu. Ọ bụrụ na usoro a na-akwusila, ọ pụrụ ịbụ Scheuermann oria.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ mmadụ na vertebra, nke na-anọchi anya a foto n'elu, mgbe anya na-akwụ ọtọ cross ngalaba nke n'ihu na-egosi na nke a mmewere nwere a cortical ndim nke elu na ala. Ke n'etiti e nzà ọkpụkpụ trabeculae nke ahụ, na-ewekarị ekwesị na akara na anyụike mmasị ka ọkpụkpụ azụ agha ịgbasapụ (jikọọ n'akụkụ ebupụta) na obliquely. The cross ngalaba na iche iche akụkụ na-egosi na n'ime vertebral ahụ fibred eriri kpọgide nke abụọ ụkwụ Ọkwa na elu articular usoro na spinous usoro, nakwa dị ka na ala elu, site pedicles nke abụọ etoju, na ala spinous na articular Filiks.

Vertebra collapses naanị mgbe a nnukwu ibu

Dị otú ahụ Ọdịdị na-enye ohere iji họrọ vertebral mpaghara nke kacha na kacha nta iguzogide mpụga ibu. Ka ihe atụ, ike etinyere axially 6 quintals akpata mkpakọ mgbaji ọkpụkpụ nkpirikpi udi, dị ka a vertebra nwere a zita ebe na di ntakiri eguzogide. N'okpuru nduzi nke ndi-agha nke 8 quintals (800 kg) nke a vertebra collapses, dị ka a na-achị, kpam kpam, ka akụkụ nke ọkpụkpụ azụ ibu mobile, nke na-eduga na-emebi na ọgidigi azụ.

Ndụ na ọkpụkpụ anụ ahụ

The chemical Ọdịdị nke mmadụ vertebra na ya ntụkwasị ọcha dabeere na a set nke ịnweta ma organic bekee, nke mbụ na-eto eto bụ banyere abụọ ugboro ukwuu karịa nke abụọ.

Ịnweta mmiri nke fọrọ nke nta nile nke ụmụ mmadụ ọkpụkpụ na-anọchi anya tumadi hydroxyapatite na organic - a mbụ ụdị collagen. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ndị mmadụ ọkpụkpụ yiri ka "na-adịghị ndụ", nke ọtụtụ ndị Filiks aa na cellular larịị. Ka ihe atụ, mkpụrụ ndụ si adventsialnyh nwetara ebe a osteoblasts nke synthesize extracellular umi mgbe agafe n'ime osteocytes - mkpụrụ ndụ na-akwado ndị metabolism (iga nke calcium n'ime ọkpụkpụ na), nụ organic na ịnweta mejupụtara nke ọkpụkpụ. Ọzọkwa na ọkpụkpụ "ndụ" osteoclasts, nke enyere na pụrụ nke na nọrọ ya ọkpụkpụ.

Coccyx "na-akpụ akpụ" ọtụtụ mgbe ndị inyom

Structure nke mmadụ vertebra uwa bu n'obi nke mere na "na ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ mmefu nke ihe onwunwe nwere oké ike, lightness, mgbe mbenata mmetụta nke ihe ịtụnanya na jolts" (Lesgaft Peter Franzevich). Ebe ọ bụ na ibu na n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọkpụkpụ azụ bụ iche iche, iche iche na ihe nke skeletal usoro dị iche iche onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Ka ihe atụ, na coccyx nwere si atọ na ise rudimentary vertebrae, nke naanị mbụ n'elu nwere ụfọdụ hallmarks nke a classic vertebra - nta ahu na coccygeal mkpumkpu azụ na n'azụ elu (na abụọ). Na nke a ngalaba kwuru nke a mma ka "coccygeal mpi" - foduru nke elu articular Filiks ejikọrọ na sacral akwara njikọ mpi. Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na coccyx na ọtụtụ mgbe ndị ikom ka mmasị ka sacrum, mgbe ọ ga-mobile, nwere ike ịdabere ná azụ ke ọnyà usoro.

Sacral foramen nwere onye nha

The sacral spain ọcha nwekwara fixedly ejikọrọ. E nwere ihe anọ ma ọ bụ ise vertebrae gwakọtara n'ime a monolithic ọkpụkpụ bụ zita ke udi na ya onu ire-atụ ala. Sacrum - bụ ntọala nke niile inyefe ngwaahịa nke ọkpụkpụ azụ, na-nwere ya obere njupụta nke ije - ruo 5 mm na mmalite afọ nke mmadụ. Ọ nwere ihe abụọ elu articular usoro, nke na-tụgharịa azụ na ubé n'akụkụ. Sacrum concave n'ihu, n'azụ na-onwem na sacral articular riiji, ebe sacral kanaal e a onu, na nke nke nke dị nnọọ iche na iche iche ndị mmadụ.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ lumbar vertebra bụ dị iche iche site na ndị ọzọ dị otú ahụ ọcha massiveness "ahu". Si akpa na-anọ mmewere na lumbar vertebrae na-abawanye na size, na-ise, nke ikpeazụ, so na-guzobere ihe ọzọ na nkwonkwo jikọọ na elu sacrum ngalaba. Nke ise, a ala vertebrae na azụ, nwere a classic cylindrical na nkpirikpi ekara ahu. Ọ bụ uru na-arịba ama na na lumbar articular Filiks nke vertebrae na n'elu concave na ihu nsoroụzọ ala ma kwupụta n'etiti.

Mgbe thoracic vertebrae na oghere

Gịnị bụ na-akpali nke a ọkpụkpụ mmewere dị ka thoracic vertebra? Ọdịdị ebe a bụ ihe dị otú a mma - ọnụnọ ke "ahu" nke olulu na poluyamok maka idozi na ọgịrịga. Ke adianade do, vertebrae na thoracic òkè buru ibu karịa cervical, lumbar na-erughị elu "ozu" abawanye nwayọọ nwayọọ si akpa na nke iri na abụọ vertebra.

Ọ bụkwa uru na-ewere na ndị articular Filiks na-emi odude frontally, na transverse Filiks bịazie na mpụta. A ọkpụrụkpụ na ndụmọdụ a kaadị ọkpụkpụ bụ na spinous Filiks na-chọrọ ala superposed na onye ọ bụla ọzọ dị ka tile. Onye ọ bụla thoracic vertebra, Ọdịdị nke nke gosiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ, na ndị vertebrae nke ọzọ ngalaba otú ahụ ọrụ: nkwado maka ihe e kere eke nke ahụ, cushioning, nchebe. Ọ na-eme ka mmejuputa moto ọrụ, so na-metabolic na-akpụ ọbara Filiks.

N'etiti cervical vertebrae nwere Axis na Atlas

Ọdịdị nke ahụ cervical vertebrae n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ọkpụkpụ azụ bụ otú dị iche iche si na Ọdịdị nke ndị a ihe, na ha abụọ bụ ọbụna onye aha. First - nke a bụ Atlanta, a mgbịrịgba nke a na-mmasị ka mmadụ okpokoro isi. Ọ dịghị ihe "ahu", kama nke nke e nwere abụọ n'akụkụ "ibu" ejikọrọ n'ihu ma n'azụ aak na yiri tubercles. Mpụta uka na Atlanta nyere na elu ma na ala articular ebupụta na on n'azụ elu nke aak bụ na n'ihu maka na njikọ fovea na nke abụọ vertebra - Axis. Na-akpali mmasị, n'etiti a mbụ vertebra na cranium anọghị intervertebral disk a na-eburu cushioning ọrụ.

Axis na ya Ọdịdị nwere a "eze" na abatakwa onu Atlanta nakwa dị ka ala articular usoro na spinous usoro (n'adịghị Atlanta). Ọdịdị nke ahụ cervical vertebrae si atọ nke isii bụ kpochapụwo na a pụrụ iche "na-ero ụra" tubercle na transverse Filiks nke isii vertebra. Site na nke a tubercle a na-enwe megide ndị carotid akwara, mgbe ị kwesịrị iji kwụsị ọbara ọgbụgba. The asaa cervical vertebra akụkụ na a ogologo (nerazdvoenny) usoro (spinous), n'ihi ya, ọ na-akpọ protruding vertebra, dị ka ndị enyemaka n'ọrụ eduzi ya mgbe agụta vertebrae n'oge ule nke onye ọrịa. Atụmatụ nke Ọdịdị nke ahụ cervical vertebrae ndị dị otú ahụ na ndị a na ọcha nwere oghere na transverse Filiks, akpụ a bụrụ naanị ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ kanaal site na nke ụbụrụ ruo nnukwu ọbara arịa na-enye nri na ihe ndị kasị mkpa ngwa n'ime ahụ mmadụ.