Ogige nitrogen. Njirimara nke nitrogen

Na-amụ nitrate - ka si sụgharịa Latin okwu Nitrogenium. Utu aha a na nitrogen - chemical mmewere na ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè nke 7, isi 15 nke otu na ogologo version nke oge table. N'ụdị a mfe umi esịnede ụwa na-ekesa akpa ikuku - ikuku. A dịgasị iche iche nke nitrogen ogige dị na ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ, na ndu eme ntule na-ọtụtụ-eji ọrụ, agha, oru ubi na nkà mmụta ọgwụ.

Gịnị mere e ji nitrogen na-akpọ "anwụrụ" na "adịghị ndụ"

Dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke onwu-atụ aro na mbụ nwetara a dị mfe umi Henry Cavendish (1777). Scientific-aga ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ icheku maka absorption nke mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa iji alkali. N'ihi ahụmahụ na-eme nchọpụta chọpụtara colorless na odorless gas, unreacted coal. Cavendish kpọrọ ya "suffocating ikuku" maka enweghi ike ịnọgide na-enwe ume na combustion.

Modern Chemical ike kọwara na oxygen na-meghachi omume na coal, carbon dioxide a kpụrụ. Ndị fọdụrụ "igbochi anyị" nke ikuku bụ maka na ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụmụ irighiri N _2. Cavendish na ndị ọzọ na ọkà mmụta sayensị na oge banyere ihe a na-erubeghị mara, ọ bụ ezie na nitrogen na nitrate ogige ahụ na-ọtụtụ-eji na aku na uba. Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị gwara banyere ihe ọhụrụ gas ka a otu kụziere yiri nwere - Joseph Priestley.

N'otu oge Carl Scheele dọọrọ uche gaa na-amaghị ama akụrụngwa nke ikuku, ma-emeghị nke ọma na-akọwa ya malite. Naanị Daniel Rutherford na 1772 chọpụtara na onyinye nwere "suffocating" "Mkpughe" gas - nitrogen. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kweere na ya chọpụtara - ya ka bụ na-arụrịta ụka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị.

Afọ 15 mgbe Rutherford nwere ama mmiri ọgwụ Antuan Lavuaze chọrọ iji dochie okwu ikuku "Mkpughe" na-ezo aka nitrogen, na ndị ọzọ - Nitrogenium. Site na oge ọ na-egosi na nke a umi adịghị ọkụ, anaghị akwado iku ume. Mgbe ahụ, e na Russian aha "nitrogen", nke a na-tụgharịrị ụzọ dị iche iche. Ọtụtụ mgbe na-ekwu na okwu a pụtara "adịghị ndụ". Ụdi ọmụmụ gbaghara ndị kwenyere n'ebe nile banyere Njirimara nke bekee. Nitrogen ogige - edozi - isi macromolecules na mejupụtara nke ndu eme ntule. Iji rụọ osisi banye n'ala ịnweta oriri na-edozi mkpa ọcha - ^2- ion NO ₃ na NH ^4+.

Nitrogen - a chemical mmewere

Iji ghọta atọm Ọdịdị na Njirimara na-enyere ndị nke oge usoro (PS). Ọnọdụ nke ndị chemical mmewere na oge table nwere ike kọwaa nuclear ụgwọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke protons na neutrons (uka nọmba). Ọ dị mkpa ka ntị ka uru nke atọm uka - nke a bụ otu n'ime ndị isi e ji mara nke mmewere. oge, ọnụ ọgụgụ kwekọrọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ike na ọkwa. The obere version nke oge table Group nọmba kwekọrọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke electrons na mpụga energaticheskom larịị. Chịkọta data na general e ji mara nke nitrogen site na ya itie ke oge usoro:

• Nke a bụ a na-abụghị ndị dara mmewere bụ na elu nri akuku nke SS.
• Chemical akara: N.
• Property nọmba: 7.
• Ikwu atọm uka: 14,0067.
• Formula obodo hydrogen ogige: NH ₃ (amonia).
• Bụla a elu oxide N ₂ O _5, nke bụ hà valency nke nitrogen V.

Structure nitrogen atọm:

• nuclear ụgwọ +7.
• The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke protons: 7; ọnụ ọgụgụ nke neutrons: 7.
• Number nke Energy etoju: 2.
• The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke electrons: 7; e usoro: 1s ² 2s ² 2p ^3.

Nkọwa na-amụ n'ụlọ anụ isotopes № mmewere 7, ha uka nọmba - 14 na 15. The ọdịnaya nke a ìhè atọm nke bụ 99,64%. The nuclei nke adịteghị redioaktivu isotope bụkwa 7 protons, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke neutrons dịgasị ukwuu: 4, 5, 6, 9, 10.

Nitrogen na ọdịdị

Dị ka akụkụ nke ikuku ụmụ irighiri bụ ugbu ụwa n'ọbọ mfe umi, onye usoro - N _2. Ọdịnaya nke nitrogen gas na ikuku bụ banyere 78,1 olu%. Inorganic ogige nke chemical mmewere na Earth jikọrọ ọnụ - iche iche ammonium salts na nitrati (niter). Ogige nke usoro na aha ụfọdụ ihe ndị kasị mkpa bekee:

• NH _3, amonia.
• NO _2, nitrogen dioxide.
• Nano ₃ sodium nitrate.
• (NH _{4) 2} NKE _4, ammonium sulfate.

The valence nke nitrogen na nke ikpeazụ abụọ ogige - IV. Kol, ala, ndụ ntule ịnwekwa N atọm na ibikwa ụdị. Nitrogen bụ a akụrụngwa nke amino asịd macromolecules, DNA na RNA nucleotides, homonụ na haemoglobin. Mkpokọta ọdịnaya nke chemical mmewere na ahụ mmadụ esịmde 2.5%.

mfe umi

Nitrogen n'ụdị diatomic ụmụ irighiri - kasị ukwuu olu na ibu ibu nke ikuku ikuku. Umi, onye usoro bụ N _2, nwere dịghị isi, na agba na uto. Nke a gas bụ karịa 2/3 ikuku ụwa n'ọbọ. The mmiri mmiri nitrogen bụ a colorless umi, yiri mmiri. Juda na okpomọkụ nke -195,8 Celsius C. M (N ₂₎ = 28 g / mol. Simple umi bit mfe oxygen, nitrogen, ikuku, ya njupụta dị nso 1.

The atọm na molekul jikọtara ike 3 akọrọ elektrọn ụzọ abụọ. The compound egosipụta a elu chemical-eguzogide, nke gosiri ọdịiche ya si oxygen na ndị ọzọ na gaseous bekee. Iji a nitrogen molekul na-kewaa ya constituent atọm dị mkpa ịgbasi ike 942,9 King James Version / mol. Kọntaktị nke atọ na abụọ nke electrons bụ nnọọ ike, na-amalite imebi ala mgbe ewe iwe n'elu 2000 Celsius C.

fọrọ adịghị ime n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, dissociation nke ụmụ irighiri n'ime atọm. Chemical inertness na-mere site na nitrogen zuru ezu enweghị polarity ya molekul. Ha emekọ nnọọ weakly na onye ọ bụla ọzọ, si otú na-arụ ọrụ ndị gaseous ala nke okwu na nkịtị nsogbu na na okpomọkụ nso ụlọ okpomọkụ. Low chemical ọrụ nke molekụla nitrogen na-eji dị iche iche Filiks ma na ngwaọrụ ebe ọ dị mkpa ịmepụta otu inert gburugburu ebe obibi.

Dissociation nke ụmụ irighiri N ₂ nwere ike ime n'okpuru nduzi nke anyanwụ radieshon ke n'elu ikuku. Atomic nitrogen na-guzobere, nke mkpatụ na ụfọdụ ọla na nonmetals n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ (site, sọlfọ, arsenic). N'ihi bụ njikọ nke ndị bekee ịbụ n'ala ọnọdụ nwetara n'ụzọ.

nitrogen valency

The elu elektrọn shei nke atọm etolite a 2 s 3 p elektrọn. Ihe ọjọọ ndị a nitrogen nwere ike inye ahụ mgbe mmekọrịta na ndị ọzọ ihe na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi ya mbenata Njirimara. N'akụkụ efu octet 3 elektrọn atọm egosipụta oxidative ike. Electronegativity nitrogen n'okpuru ya dara Njirimara ndị na-erughị akpọ karịa nke fluorine, oxygen na chlorine. Mgbe inwe mmekọrịta ndị a chemical ọcha nitrogen enye electrons (oxidize). Mbelata na-ezighị ezi ion sochiri mmeghachi omume na ndị ọzọ ọla na nonmetals.

Ahụkarị nitrogen valence - III. Na nke a, na chemical nkekọ na-kpụrụ ná mpụta p-mma nke electrons na ihe e kere eke nke nkịtị (nkịtị) ụzọ. Nitrogen bụ ike nke na-akpụ onyinye-acceptor nkekọ ruru ya nanị ụzọ electrons, dị ka bụ ammonium ion NH ^4+.

Inweta na laabu na ụlọ ọrụ

Otu laabu ụzọ dabeere na oxidative Njirimara nke ọla kọpa oxide. Jiri nitrogen compound na hydrogen - amonia NH _3. Nke a wetara esi ísì gas vzaimoddeystvuet na powdered ọla kọpa oxide nwa. Ihe mmeghachi omume na-amị nitrogen na-egosi dara ọla kọpa (red powder). Edebe na tube mgbidi waterdrops - ọzọ mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa.

Ọzọ laabu usoro nke na-eji a nitrogen compound na ọla - azide, atụ Nan _3. Enwetara site na a gas nke na-adịghị mkpa a ga-kpochara si contaminants.

The laabu na-rụrụ decomposition nke ammonium nitrite na nitrogen na mmiri. Ka ịmalite mmeghachi omume, kpo oku a chọrọ, mgbe ahụ, usoro wee na evolushọn nke okpomọkụ (exothermic). Nitrogen na-metọọ adịghị, n'ihi ya, ọ na-kpochara na Fikiere.

Nkwadebe nke nitrogen na ndị ụlọ ọrụ:

• fractional distillation nke mmiri mmiri ikuku - a usoro, nke na-eji anụ ahụ Njirimara nke nitrogen na oxygen (iche iche esi ebe);
• chemical mmeghachi omume nke ikuku site na a na-ekpo ọkụ coal;
• adsorptive gas nkewa.

Mmekọrịta ọla na hydrogen - oxidizing Njirimara

Inertia inogide ụmụ irighiri adịghị ekwe ka ụfọdụ kpọmkwem njikọ nke nitrogen ogige. Iji rụọ ọrụ atọm dị mkpa ka ike kpo oku ma ọ bụ irradiation umi. Nitrogen nwere ike na-eme na lithium na ụlọ okpomọkụ, na magnesium, calcium na sodium, mmeghachi omume wee naanị site kpo oku. Kwekọrọ ekwekọ metal nitrides ii.

The na mmekọrịta nke nitrogen na hydrogen na-ewe ebe na elu okpomọkụ ma na nsogbu. Ọzọkwa usoro a na-achọ ndị mkpali. Amonia nwetara - otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa chemical njikọ. Nitrogen, dị ka ihe oxidizing gị n'ụlọnga, na-egosi na ha Tri ọjọọ ọxịdashọn ekwu, sị:

• 3 (amonia na ndị ọzọ nitrogen ogige, hydrogen - nitrides);
• -2 (hydrazine N ₂ H _4);
• -1 (hydroxylamine NH ₂ OH).

Ihe kacha mkpa nitride - amonia - kwadebere nnukwu quantities na ụlọ ọrụ. The nnukwu nsogbu n'ihi na a ogologo oge nọgidere na chemical inertness nke nitrogen. Ya na isi mmalite nke ngwaọrụ ndị nitrate, ma ịnweta mee malitere iju ngwa ngwa na uto nke mmepụta.

The oké ihe nweta nke chemical sayensị na-eme kemgbe e kere eke nke amonia nitrogen fixation Usoro na ihe ulo oru n'ike. Na pụrụ iche ogidi bụ site kpọmkwem njikọ - a reversible usoro n'etiti nitrogen enwetara site na ikuku na hydrogen. Mgbe na-eke ezigbo ọnọdụ, akọwa na ịha a mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa n'akụkụ, na iji mkpali amonia mkpụrụ na-97%.

Mmekọrịta oxygen - mbenata Njirimara

Iji na-amalite mmeghachi omume nke nitrogen na oxygen, ga-ike kpo oku. Nwere ezu ike eletriki aak na a àmụmà orùrù ka ikuku. Ihe kacha mkpa inorganic ogige nke nitrogen bụ ya mma ọxịdashọn ekwu, sị:

• 1 (nitrogen oxide (m) N ₂ O);
• +2 (NO nke nitrogen monoxide);
• 3 (nitrogen oxide (III) N ₂ O _3, HNO ₂ nitrous acid, nitrite salts ya);
• 4 (nitrogen dioxide (IV) NO _2);
• 5 (nitrogen pentoxide (V) N ₂ O _5, HNO ₃ nitric acid, nitrati).

The uru nke ndammana na-ewere ọnọdụ

Osisi banye ammonium ion na nitrate anions si ala-eji na-njikọ nke chemical Jeremaya mere, nke organic ụmụ irighiri na mkpụrụ ndụ mgbe niile na-agba ọsọ. Ikuku nitrogen nodule bacteria nwere ike assimilate - microscopic entities akpụ nodules na mgbọrọgwụ nke legumes. N'ihi ya, otu a osisi natara achọrọ batrị, ọ enriches ala.

N'oge okpomọkụ oké ifufe ime ọxịdashọn mmeghachi omume nke ikuku nitrogen. The oxides na-etisasịwo na-etolite asịd, ndị a ogige nke nitrogen tinye ala na mmiri. N'ihi na okirikiri nke ọcha na ọdịdị na-mgbe niile na-replenished ya mee na ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ, na ikuku. Mgbagwoju organic ụmụ irighiri nwere nitrogen na ya mejupụtara, na-rere site bacteria na inorganic mmiri.

bara uru iji

Ihe kacha mkpa nitrogen ogige maka agriculture - a ukwuu soluble nnu. Etinye obi gị dum site osisi urea nitrate (sodium, potassium, calcium), ammonium ogige (amonia mmiri, chloride, sulfate, ammonium nitrate).
Inert Njirimara nitrogen osisi enweghi ike banye ya si n'èzí-edu ndú ka mkpa iji mee ka nnukwu doses kwa afọ nitrati. Parts nke osisi organism na-enwe ike na-echekwa macrocell ike "maka ọdịnihu", nke agbazee àgwà nke ngwaahịa. Ngafe nitrati na akwụkwọ nri na mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike ime ka nsi na ụmụ mmadụ, na uto nke ịza etuto ahụ. Ke adianade agriculture, nitrogen ogige na-eji ndị ọzọ ọrụ:

• maka nkwadebe nke ọgwụgwọ;
• maka chemical njikọ nke elu-molekụla ogige;
• ke imewe nke explosives si trinitrotoluene (TNT);
• n'ihi na mmepụta nke e ji esiji ákwà.

NO oxide okụt ojiji na ịwa ahụ, umi nwere analgesic mmetụta. Loss nke ụjọ mgbe kuru gas chọpụtara na ọbụna ihe mbụ na-eme nnyocha nitrogen chemical Njirimara. Ya mere, e a nkịtị aha "na-achị ọchị gas".

The nsogbu nke nitrati ugbo ngwaahịa

The salts nke nitric acid - nitrate - ẹdude a singly ebubo anion NO ^3-. Ka na-eji ndị agadi aha òtù nke bekee - ammonium nitrate. Nitrati na-eji ifatilaiza ubi, na greenhouses, ubi. Ka ha na mbụ spring tupu akuku, ke ndaeyo - na ụdị nke mmiri mmiri feedings. Site onwe ha, na àkù-adịghị inwe a oké ihe ize ndụ ka ndị mmadụ, ma na ahụ, ha na-converted n'ime nitrites, mgbe ahụ n'ime nitrosamines. Nitrite NO ^2- ion - egbu egbu ahụ, ha ime ka ọxịdashọn nke ferrous ígwè na haemoglobin ụmụ irighiri na trivalent ion. Na steeti a, isi umi nke ụmụ mmadụ na ụmụ anụmanụ ọbara abụghị ike ibufe oxygen na wepu carbon dioxide si arọ.

The ihe ize ndụ nitrate ofufe nri ụmụ mmadụ na ahụ ike:

• ịza aza etuto ahụ ịda na akakabarede nke nitrati ka nitrosamines (carcinogenic);
• mmepe nke ọnyá afọ,
• hypotension ma ọ bụ ọbara mgbali;
• obi odida;
• agba ọbara ọrịa
• ọnya nke imeju, na pancreas na mmepe nke-arịa ọrịa shuga;
• mmepe nke gbasara akụrụ odida;
• anaemia, mkpọchị ebe nchekwa, anya na ọgụgụ isi.

The imekotaotuugbo ojiji nke dị iche iche ngwaahịa na nnukwu doses nke nitrati na-eduga ná nnukwu nsi. The isi mmalite nwere ike ịbụ na osisi, na-aṅụ mmiri, njikere mere anụ efere. Nrịrọ na mmiri dị ọcha na nri nwere ike ibelata ekwukwa n'akwụkwọ ọdịnaya nke nitrate ngwaahịa. The-eme nchọpụta chọpụtara na elu doses nke ize ndụ ogige hụrụ ọmụmụ akabeghị aka na griin haus osisi mmepụta.

Site - mmewere Pnictogen

Atọm nke chemical ọcha ndị na-na otu vetikal kọlụm nke oge usoro, igosipụta nkịtị Njirimara. Site na emi odude ke atọ mgbe, ọ na-ezo aka otu 15, nakwa dị ka nitrogen. Structure ọcha yiri atọm, ma e nwere iche dị na Njirimara. Nitrogen ma site igosipụta ọjọọ valency na ọxịdashọn ala III na ha ogige na ọla na hydrogen.

Ọtụtụ site Jeremaya mere n'ihu na nkịtị okpomọkụ, a na ya nọ n'ọrụ mmewere. Na-emeghachi omume na oxygen na-etolite P ₂ O ₅ elu oxide. The okenye ihe ngwọta nke ihe a nwere Njirimara nke acid (metaphosphoric). Mgbe kpo oku orthophosphoric acid a nwetara. Ọ na-akọwa a plurality nke ụdị nke salts, ọtụtụ nke bụ ịnweta fatịlaịza, n'ihi na ihe atụ superphosphates. Nitrogen ma site ogige etolite akụkụ dị mkpa nke okirikiri nke okwu na ume anyị na mbara ala, na-eji na ulo oru, ugbo na ndị ọzọ na ubi.