The ala ọnọdụ nke South America. Description nke ala ọnọdụ nke South America

N'oge ochie, South America kemgbe ihe akụkụ nke ọzọ n'ala pụta. Mgbe ha gbawara n'etiti, na kpafuo n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ-Chile maka a ogologo oge dị na iche site na ike nke ụwa. Ruo ná mmalite nke XX narị afọ, abụọ kọntinent na Western Hemisphere sonyeere Isthmus nke Panama. Mgbe ahụ, ọ tọrọ site akpọ navigable ọwa. N'ụzọ dị ukwuu oge a anya ọ bụghị nanị na-ekpebi ndị obodo ọnọdụ nke South America (SOEs) na ya geological Ọdịdị, ma na-eme nke ndị bi.

General banyere kọntinent nke South America. The uru nke ókèala

Ókèala nke Afrika (gụnyere n'akụkụ agwaetiti) - bụ 18 nde km ² (anọ ebe) .. N'oge ochie ike tectonic ịma jijiji mere ka ala nkewa na South American efere ịkpafu n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ - na ntụziaka nke Nazca efere. The N'ihi nke a counter-ije aghọwo a dị ike nkukota arrays lithosphere, akpụ apịaji ugwu (Andes). The idụhe ghọrọ ọkụ, agbanweela n'elu Amazon, e nwere a siri ike eutrophication na overgrowing nke mmiri impenetrable ọhịa nke ndagwurugwu ya n'etiti na ala esịmde. N'ihi na n'ime ime obodo ebe ke organic ụwa nke South America nọgidere jupụtara ejupụta na relict ụdị osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ. Description nke ala ọnọdụ nke South America ga-enyere ịghọta nke ihe ndị bụrụkwa maka guzobe nke oge a na ihu igwe na-eke ebe, na-eme nke ndị bi.

The ala ọnọdụ nke South America. plan

The udi nke Afrika yiri dobe, n'ọnụ nke chere ihu na Antarctic Peninsula na South osisi. Wide isi na-emi odude n'ebe ugwu nke ụwa, na subtropics - a warara akụkụ. Chile Ghaat nyefe e ji mara na-agụnye isi ihe nke ya na ọnọdụ na ụwa na-ese n'akụkụ obodo atụmatụ. Igosi ndị na-esonụ:

1. Nyochaa ọnọdụ na-akwanyere ndị ụwa, praịm meridian.
2. Kpebisie ike na-achịkọta ihe ndị kasị oké ugwu, n'ebe ndịda, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ihe.
3. Nkenke akọwa coastline, saa Chile oké osimiri, ndị kasị ibu osimiri isi ike na bays.

Description nke ala ọnọdụ nke South America

Otutu nke Afrika dị n'ebe ndịda nke aghota 0 Celsius (ụwa), na n'ebe ugwu latitudes - a obere ebe. Meridian 0 Celsius na-aga site na nke a na Afrika.

The ala ọnọdụ nke South America na ohere:

• 12 Celsius c. w. - Punta Gallinas m n'ebe ugwu.
• 54 Celsius S. w. . - m Frouord na n'ebe ndịda onu nke Afrika;
• 56 Celsius S. w. - agwaetiti ebe - m Diego Ramirez n'ebe ndịda ..

The ala ọnọdụ nke South America na lonjituudu - na na-achịkọta ndị abụọ oké ihe na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ:

• Nke 35 Celsius. d - m Cabo Branco.;.
• 81 Celsius. d - m. Punta Pariñas ..

10 Celsius yiri anya na-adịdebeghị mmiri esịmde 4655 km na 5150 km - kasị ukwuu latitudinal size nke Afrika nke South America. Ọnọdụ na-akwanyere ndị ụwa nke ókèala - 5 Celsius S. w.

Akparamagwa nke oké osimiri

The n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ oke nke Afrika site na Pacific Ocean na ya oyi Peru ugbu a. Ọ bụ ubé indented akụkụ nke n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Lee ndị kasị elu na kasị ọtụtụ ugwu nke Andes. South America na Antarctica mbak Strait, nke aha mgbe ochie paireti Francis Drake. Mmiri n'elu erukwa maka 460 kilomita site Atlantic na Pacific. The obosara nke Strait bụ site 818 na 1120 km, ya omimi -. Site 276 na 5249 m Obodo ebe nke Afrika nke South America nso Antarctica ada ka njọ n'ebe ndịda nke Afrika, na ndị Strait nke Magellan na agwaetiti nke akipelago nke Tierra del Fuego. Ọdịdị nke Falkland Islands (Malvinas) na-emetụta ndịda pola mpaghara. Na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri na-asa site na Atlantic, ke edem edere - na Caribbean Sea.

Columbus si njem

On Greek map na ihe osise Ptolemy kọntinent na Western Hemisphere na-adịghị na etinyere ya. E nwere ọtụtụ ndị dike na hypotheses dabeere n'ihe àmà banyere njem ya gaa n'agwaetiti na n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke America, oge ochie ndị Eurasia (ndị Finishia, ndị Ijipt, Vikings), na ndi bi na Oceania. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị njem nke oge aro na e nwere a dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ-aga mba ndị bara ọgaranya nke East. Obodo ọnọdụ nke South America mere ruo ogologo oge iche nke Afrika site na Old World, ya-agụghị oké ruo na XV narị afọ. N'oge a, ndị Europe malitere ibi na ịchọpụta America. Explorer na ahia Hristofor Kolumb n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke Spanish okpueze ugboro anọ (1492-1504) gara New World. N'ihi na oge mbụ O wee pụọ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na isi nke a obere ụgbọ mmiri nke ụgbọ mmiri - anya maka ụzọ kasị nso na India. N'oge njem nke otu n'ime Antilles e meghere. Na August 1498 Columbus mmiri banyere ọnụ ndị Orinoco, malite mmeri nke Afrika site na Europe. Explorer, ọdịda na-amaghị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, bụ ijide n'aka na ọ ruru India. Amaala ndị mmadụ na a ìhè n'aka Columbus bịara mara dị ka ndị India.

Brief ọmụma banyere amalite ịchị nke Afrika site na Europe

Amerigo Vespucci chepụtara ihe mbụ Columbus chọpụtara amaghị ala. Na nsọpụrụ nke zie ezie aro akwọ ụgbọ mmiri n'ebe ndịda Afrika malitere-akpọ America (1507). Vespucci gara America ọtụtụ ugboro ná ndụ ya. O mere ka map na kọwara ha. Ruo narị afọ abụọ, ndị Spaniards na Portuguese mụtachara ohere ke Central nakwa n'ebe ndịda. Ha na-converted n'ime mkpọmkpọ ebe nke oge ochie Indian obodo, wuru mepee nke Incas, Aztec na Mayans. N'ihi na nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ amalite ịchị nke South America si Iberia na XVI na narị afọ ndị e jikọtara ejikọta site French, English na Dutch. Ụgbọ mmiri na skirted Afrika miri n'ime ọhịa Central òkè na àkù ichu nta Eldorado, na isi iyi mmiri daruyuschego ebighi-eto eto. Njem rigoro Andes vertices wee na ala na Amazon, Parana, ọzọ osimiri. Kpara Spanish andikan F. Orellana gafere Afrika (1542), igwu mmiri ala Amazon si ya na isi mmalite na Andes ruo Delta na Atlantic n'ụsọ oké osimiri.

Studies na South America (Asaa-XX)

German geographer Alexander von Humboldt n'oge ya research njem ndị mmadụ merela mere a zuru ezu map nke Afrika, ebili mmiri na ya n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ. Ọ mbụ hụrụ uru oyi aga na-etolite Andes idụhe, elu kọwara zonation ahịhịa na-ekpo ọkụ (na France E. Bonplanom). M na-amụ ọdịdị nke South America na XIX narị afọ ama British n'okike Charles Darwin. Observation pụrụ iche ụmụ anụmanụ Galapagos mgbawa ugwu agwaetiti emewo na-eme nnyocha ka na echiche nke na mmalite nke ntule. Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị na G. Langsdorf na N. Rubtsov nyochaworo na XIX narị afọ, ime nke Brazil Highlands. Njem gawa Voeikov A. na N. Vavilov mụọ emmepe nke si na Mgbasa nke mkpa ugbo ubi (1932-1933).

The iche iche nke Afrika agwa

N'ime South America Afrika, e nwere ịrịba iche nke uwa, n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe. Ihe kacha mkpa n'etiti ha - ego nke anyanwụ radieshon, nke na-adabere na ohere. Na-adịdebeghị mmiri ọdịdị nke mmetụta:

• obodo itie ke South America;
• na size nke ókèala;
• mgbasa nke ikuku;
• Gbara oké osimiri;
• na-ekpo ọkụ na oyi na-atụ eruba;
• isi n'elu (ugwu, na mbara ọzara, ịkpa).

Na South America bụghị otú kpọrọ nkụ, dị ka na Africa. Anyị depụta isi mpaghara (ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda): Equatorial, ebe okpomọkụ na ọnọdụ, ndị mepere - sub-Equatorial na subtropical.

ọgwụgwụ

Njirimara nke ala ọnọdụ nke South America - ihe dị mkpa na-amụ nke Afrika. N'oge ochie Chile abụghị na akụkụ nke ụwa, nke ugbu a enyene. Ọ gara a ogologo ụzọ - si akụkụ nke Pangea na Gondwana ruo ugbu geological epoch.

Continent dị na Western Hemisphere, ukwuu n'ime - na n'ebe ndịda nke ụwa. Iji n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ bụ ugwu belt - na Andes. Nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ọ na-aga ékpè, n'ihi nkukota nke abụọ blocks nke lithosphere. Na mpaghara a, e nwere agbọpụta ọkụ, na-ebibi ala ọma jijiji ga-eme, nsogbu ndụ na ọrụ nke ndị bi na.

Modern Chile bi - ụmụ India, Spanish na Portuguese mmeri, ndị ohu me-arụ ọrụ na n'ugbo. Ngụkọta bi 12 mba nke Afrika karịa 380 nde. Man. The Afrika bụ ọgaranya nlegharị anya, n'etiti ha - kasị elu ọnụ ọnụ ugwu, waterfalls, mkpọmkpọ ebe nke obodo oge ochie, ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ihe nke anụ ụlọ na ndị mba njem.