Palekh miniature. People n'ịkụ azụ n'ime obodo nke Palekh

Otu n'ime ndị kasị mara mma iche nke mpako na crafts bụ a Russian lacquer miniature, n'oge a na emmepe nke nke na-dị na Palekh, Fedoskino, Mstera na Kholui. Ancient center a art - obodo Palekh nke Ivanovo region, site na nke na-ese kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ, ọ bụghị nanị na-ese ihe osise, ma na-ese na mgbidi na chọọchị Ọtọdọks na weghachiri ochie ụka na Cathedrals. Palekh miniature, nke bilie dị ka a N'ihi nke na-elekọta mmadụ na omenala mgbanwe ahụ mere na Russia mgbe October mgbanwe nke 1917, bụ ike chebe afọ-ochie nke icon sere na nyefee ha n'ụdị ọhụrụ ma jupụta ma mkpa iji otu ọdịnaya.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian lacquer

The Russian lacquer sere ka e kee maka karịa narị afọ abụọ. Ọ na-ewere dị ka mmalite nke ọgwụgwụ nke XVIII narị afọ, mgbe Moscow ahịa Korobov tọrọ ntọala a factory n'ihi na mmepụta nke lacquered visors zubere maka Russian agha okpu. Lacquered miniature pụtara dịtụ e mesịrị, mgbe na Russian alaeze ukwu ikpe omenala nke anwụrụ ghọrọ fashionable. Korobov ike nnọọ ngwa ngwa na-ahazi na mmepụta nke miniature lacquer igbe - anwụrụ. N'ime oge ahụ, ndị a gizmos na e ji na icho mma nke ụlọ. Ntem, ha mma chọrọ dị elu. Mgbe e mesịrị ọrụ nke Russian nka bụ otú ahụ dị iche iche site na Western ụdị nke otú Usoro nke egbu, nakwa dị ka na-achị bụ onye nwere akpọ mba agwa. N'ihi ya, na Russian lacquer miniature pụtara odide na ngosi ndiife ifo na akụkọ na-emeghị nke oge gboo na oge ochie Russian akwụkwọ, na-egosi na Russian omenala na ụzọ ndụ, mụta nwa mma nke gbara ya gburugburu uwa.

Ụlọ Ọrụ nke Russian lacquer miniatures

Na Russia taa e nwere ebe anọ emmepe, nke na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-emepe emepe zọpụta oge ochie omenala nke Russian nka nke miniature lacquer sere: Fedoskino, Palekh, Holuy na Mstera. Tupu 1917 mgbanwe, obodo nile nke e wezụga Fedoskino, a maara ndị na Russia dị ka ndị bụ isi na emmepe nke icon sere, nke ọ bụghị nanị kere icon, ma na-akwadebe maka mweghachi nke ndị nna ha ukwu na mgbidi osise nke dị n'ụlọ nsọ. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị a emmepe ike akara ngosi dị na nkịtị Orthodox omenala, ma ọ na-nwere ya pụrụ iche Insignia. Nna-ukwu nke Kholui, dị ka o kwere na iconography, di nso na Russian omenala nsiridi, bi Mstera soro ọdịnala ndị Old kwere ekwe obodo dị iche iche Russian n'ógbè, Palekh nka ịrụ kasị Canonicity Orthodox oyiyi.

Olee iconography na Palekh

Na XVI na narị afọ Palekh bi n'okpuru nduzi nke emmepe ịmaliteworị mbụ iconography na Kholui Shuya malitere na-agbalị aka ya na-ede ihe oyiyi. Mgbalị dị ole na nnọọ ihe ịga nke ọma na-akpọ ha.

Ke n'etiti Asaa narị afọ na ama nke Palekh icon ese ruru Moscow, na nka na-òkù ịrụ ọrụ n'obí eze ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na na Asaa na narị afọ na ógbè Vladimir icon dere fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụla nnukwu obodo, na XVIII narị afọ atọ bụ isi ihe oyiyi center: Holuy, Mstera na Palekh. Paleshane, n'adịghị bi ọzọ mepere Mstera Kholui na, ruo mgbe mmalite nke XIX narị afọ jikọtara ha omenala agriculture na ide akara ngosi dị na gị free oge na ubi. Vyrisovalas leruru omenala nke oyiyi e kere nwayọọ nwayọọ na ha dị oké ọnụ.

Na mmalite nke XIX narị afọ na-ewere na heyday nke Palekh icon sere. Malitere na Palekh oyiyi ere bụghị naanị na isi obodo na isi Russian obodo, ma ná mba ọzọ.

Site n'etiti XIX narị afọ na Palekh haziri mbụ noo nke Safonov, Corinne, na Nanykinu UDALOVA. Site na mmalite nke XX narị afọ, na mmepụta nke ihe oyiyi na-zuru ebe nile, dị ọnụ ala karịa ma na-erughị mma. Biakwa obibia nke ọnụ ala oyiyi, e biri ebi typographically, dugara ojuju nke iconography na iwepụ ọtụtụ maara nke ọma na ụlọ ahịa. Ná mmalite nke iri abụọ na narị afọ na Kholui, Palekh na Mstera iji chebe n'ọdịnala Russian icon sere guardianship Committee ọzụzụ noo e kere, nke kere ruo 1917.

The Soviet oge

Mgbe October mgbanwe, ruo 1923, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na Palekh enweghi oru. Onye gara ịchọ ọrụ n'obodo, ụfọdụ na-agbalị ime ka ụmụaka, efere ma ọ bụ kpaa akpụkpọ ụkwụ. Ruo mgbe 1923 e nwere ọtụtụ mgbalị iji imeghari mbụ icon-egosipụta igbe, ụmụaka na osisi arịa. Otú ọ dị, ihe mere na-aga dị ka nke ọma dị ka mkpa maka ntọhapụ nke nnukwu mpịakọta na ala udu, na odidi nke ngwaahịa mere ka mmepụta nke ala-edu ngwaahịa.

The ụbọchị mgbe ọ na e kere site Palekh lacquer miniature, n'ụdị na nke anyị maara na ọ ga-na-ahuta ka ọgwụgwụ nke 1922, na-amalite nke 1923. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ a nkiri artist Ivan Golikov ferrous workpieces mere nke papier-mache ike a mejupụtara "Adam na Paradaịs." Nke a na-arụ ọrụ bụ ndị nwere mmasị na management nke handicraft Museum (taa - Folk Art Museum), nke bu ezitekwara blanks artist na-akwụ maka ọrụ ya. N'ọdịnihu, usoro ejikọrọ I. V. Markichev, AV na IP Kotuhin Vakurov. Kere a nka na adade ke 1923 na National Art na Industry Ngosi na Moscow na e ọdịda nke ubre nke 1st ogo. Na 1924, ndị nka na gosipụtawo na Venice, na na 1925 - na Paris, ebe o kere a ọgba aghara ma nwee nnọọ ihe ịga nke ọma. All a mere ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na December 5, 1924 na Palekh VV na AV Kotuhinymi, Ai na Ai I.Zubkovymi, Markicheva IV, IM na I. Na Bakanov . Golikov e kere Artel nke sere n'oge ochie.

Ụmụ Palekh miniature ihu a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nsogbu: nke mbụ, ọ dị anyị mkpa a ọhụrụ ihe onwunwe - a papier-mache, onye technology e maara nke ọma nka, Paleshane, Ọzọkwa, ọ dị mkpa ịkwaga si egosipụta ewepụghị web oyiyi maka formatting akpọkwa na ihe ndị na-enye olu na udi.

A dịgasị iche iche nke shapes na-ese Palekh nwe-achị bụ nnọọ nnukwu: brooches, bisernitsy, chests, igbe, sịga mgbe na anwụrụ igbe, eyeglass ikpe ma powder igbe na ihe ndị ọzọ. Palekh miniature nke oge nwere a akpọ ornamental na mmalite, ma ọ kọrọ ndị doro anya na ihe oyiyi na evolving storyline. Ihe ịga nke ọma na-ewu ewu songs nke oge ndị agha, ndị cowherd, ịchụ nta, partying na triples.

Mma ikwu na ọ bụ na 20s nke iri abụọ na narị afọ na Palekh lacquer miniature kpụrụ n'okpuru nduzi nke ma ndị oge ochie Russian icon-sere na omenala, na ụwa nke art.

The agha afọ

Ke akpa afọ iri nke udo, ọtụtụ nke nna ukwu nke Palekh miniatures n'ọrụ ya egosi dị iche iche agha Mpaghara, ma na-adịbeghị anya gụsịrị akwụkwọ Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na ndị ọzọ na oké agha nke mere ka ama na Russian agha. Na fifties, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ, lacquer miniature Palekh na-enwe ihe doro anya na nsogbu, nke e mere site ọchịchọ nke ọtụtụ nka ka oké nsiridi, kewapụrụ nke ọrụ na romance ukpụhọde e ji mara ndị ọrụ nke gara aga afọ. Palekh miniature, foto ọkọnọ n'okpuru, o doro anya na-egosi na mmetụta nke Soviet akụziri nke oge na nka.

Oké nsiridi, monumentality na pathos mara ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na ọrụ kere ndị a afọ, ọ na nọgidere ụfọdụ Nnaukwu chebe ọdịnala romanticism na ochie akwụkwọ.

The sixties na-ji monumentality na ịṅụbiga naturalistic laa, ma ugwu na ihunanya haze laghachiri Palekh lacquer miniature ọzọ na-aghọ uri na akụkọ ifo. N'oge a, artists paleshane ịrịọ bụghị naanị ndị mpako na isi mmalite, kamakwa nke ọrụ oge gboo akwụkwọ, nakwa dị ka oge a songs. N'otu oge ahụ mmadụ dị ịrịba, dị ka ihe atụ, mmadụ ohere ụgbọ elu, na hụrụ ya echiche na ọrụ nile nke nna-ukwu.

The seventies na eighties nke XX narị afọ a oge nke-enwe ọganihu nke Palekh sere. Palekh artists na-kpọrọ ịzụlite tent nke dị iche iche egwu mmemme, mma maka ụmụaka na omenala oru.

modernity

Ebe lanarịrị siri 90s, paleshane hapụrụ ha omenala azu. Palekh art akwụkwọ kwa afọ na-arụpụta na-eto eto na-ese ihe, jiri nlezianya na-echebekwa ndị omenala na àgwà, bụ nke na-akpali Palekh miniature. Taa, e nwere ọtụtụ cooperatives na ezinụlọ ulo oru, na-mere na omenala Palekh lacquer ike.

pụrụ iche atụmatụ

Palekh sere, ka ọ bụla ọzọ ndiife art na a kpụrụ na ụfọdụ, nwere ya pụrụ iche atụmatụ na omenala. Dị ka ekwuola, na iconic azụ ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ toro Palekh. Lacquered thumbnail oyiyi adia site a plurality nke atụmatụ, dị ka ihe atụ, ndị na-ewu mejupụtara, na lezie ntị zuru ezu. Anyị nwere ike ikwu na Palekh miniature bilie on oge ochie omenala nke icon sere. Site na ndị ọzọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na Palekh lacquer sere style e ji ndị na-esonụ atụmatụ:

• prorisovyvanie siri ike mebere na-achị;
• miniature sere;
• patterned na richness ornamental ụkpụrụ;
• lezie ịmata onye ọ bụla mmewere;
• elongation na fragility nke ụmụ mmadụ ọnụ ọgụgụ;
• fineness nke na-eru ndị mmadụ akụkụ ahụ;
• a dịgasị iche iche nke agba ikwu n'ụzọ;
• Jiri ọchịchịrị iche;
• na ojiji nke egg tempera;
• ese gold.

Ma ka onye na-ese bụ ike na-amalite na-eke thumbnails, ị ga-akpa ike a papier-mâché ngwaahịa na ga banye.

Olee otú ime ka papier-mache?

Ọ na-mere nke katọn, nke a na-na mbụ bee n'ime ibe, tee na mado, esie wheat ntụ ọka, na etinyere a osisi ebu (ingot) yitewere. Mgbe ị na-enweta chọrọ ọkpụrụkpụ, ọnụ na katọn oghere bụ ofu na a pụrụ iche pịa. Nrụgide, ha na-converted n'ime akpa nke dị iche iche shapes na nha. Abịakọrọ otú bonding na-Fikiere na ụlọ okpomọkụ banyere izu abụọ. The mịrị amị preform lowered n'abalị iji ọkụ linseed mmanụ maka impregnation, mgbe nke ha na-Fikiere maka ụbọchị anọ a pụrụ iche oven na nke okpomọkụ na-nọgidere na-enwe 120 ⁰ C. Na nzọụkwụ ọzọ na workpiece bụ n'ala na primed. Mgbe egwe ya elu elu multiple superposed n'ígwé nke nwa lacquer, na n'ime - Oil ghọọ na cinnabar. Ná ngwụsị nke usoro ofụri elu lacquered na ọtụtụ n'ígwé nke lacquer ìhè. Mgbe ngwa nke ọ bụla oyi akwa nke preform na-mịrị amị na ụfọdụ okpomọkụ na ihe oven. Naanị mgbe a niile manipulations, onye na-ese ga-enwe ike na-amalite sere.

Usoro na ụzọ

Dị ka e kwuworo, otu n'ime ndị e ji mara nwere Palekh lacquer miniature sere bu akwa tempera ágbá. Iji agba na-adịghị kewapụrụ ire ụtọ ghọọ elu, ọ na-akpan emeso ya na a nkume ọkụ nkume. The ngwe nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu picture na-etinyere na ngwaahịa, a nkọ pensụl na mere underpainting. Ọ bụ n'ihi na ya na a ga-etinyere na nna ya ukwu na a plurality nke uzo mkpa n'ígwé nke sere. Total isi nzọụkwụ nke na-eke ihe oyiyi nke ise:

1. Roskrysh - isi basting silhouettes na contours.

2. Obibi ikike - doo anya contours na shades.

3. Plavi - itinye mmiri mmiri ọdụdụ lessirovochnomu agba ọnụ ụtarị.

4. Blikovka - notching rụrụ gbazee gold.

5. Framing egosipụta gold ụkpụrụ.

Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, gold ịchọ mma ahazi dị ka agate polished cone ma ọ bụ wolf ezé, mgbe dum isiokwu ntekwasa na 6-7 n'ígwé nke lacquer. Mgbe ngwa nke ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ na-mịrị amị, egbu maramara na a pụrụ iche polishing n'apata, na mgbe ahụ na-aga gụchara n'aka-egbu maramara. Lacquered ebupụta, egbu maramara ka a mirror imecha, na-enye foto a ihe kwukwara omimi na-eme ka agba "uda" ihe ndị ọgaranya na adụ.