Physico-chemical akparamagwa nke bekee

Anụ ahụ na chemical research dị ka ntụziaka nke gbasara nyocha onwu e ọtụtụ-eji ihe ọ bụla mmadụ ọrụ. Ha na-ekwe gị inyocha Njirimara nke umi nke mmasị, ikpebi na quantitative akụrụngwa nke mmiri na sample.

ọmụmụ ihe

Scientific research bụ cognition nke ihe ma ọ bụ onu iji nweta a usoro nke echiche na ihe ọmụma. The na-arụ ọrụ ụkpụrụ nke na usoro ahụ na-nkewa:

• ahụrụ anya;
• nzukọ;
• interpretive;
• Ụzọ nke qualitative na quantitative analysis.

Ahụrụ anya nnyocha usoro na-egosipụta ihe n'okpuru ọmụmụ site mpụga ngosipụta na-agụnye nlekota oru, mmesho, nnwale, tụnyere. The ahụrụ anya ọmụmụ dabeere na a pụrụ ịdabere na ihe mere eme na-adịghị na-agụnye ihe e kere eke nke wuru ọnọdụ maka analysis.

Nhazi ụzọ - comparative, longitudinal, mgbagwoju. First pụtara site a tụnyere nke na-ekwu nke ihe e n'oge dị iche iche na n'okpuru dị iche iche na ọnọdụ ọ bụla ọzọ. Longitudinal - chọpụtara nke ihe ọmụmụ maka a ogologo oge. The mgbagwoju bụ nchịkọta longitudinal na comparative ụzọ.

Interpretive usoro - mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na bughi. Genetic variant na-agụnye na-amụ ihe ebe ọ bụ na ya inception. Structural usoro enyocha na-akọwa a ngwaọrụ ihe.

Ụzọ nke qualitative na quantitative analysis amụọ gbasara nyocha onwu. Chemical ọmụmụ iji na-ekpebi ihe ndị mejupụtara nke nnyocha ihe.

Ụzọ nke quantitative analysis

Site quantitative analysis nke mejupụtara nke chemical ogige kọwaa gbasara nyocha onwu. Fọrọ nke nta niile nke ụzọ na-eji na-amụ na-wuru dị ka chemical na n'ụzọ anụ ahụ Njirimara nke umi na ya mejupụtara.

Quantitative analysis bụ ngụkọta, zuru ezu na ele mmadụ anya n'ihu. N'ozuzu na-ekpebi ndị niile mara bekee na ihe na-amu, n'agbanyeghị ma ha nọ na ihe ndị mejupụtara ma ọ bụ. Full analysis achọta iche iche quantitative mejupụtara nke bekee ẹdude ke sample. Ele Mmadụ Anya n'Ihu n'onwe-ekpebi ndị dị na nke naanị mmiri nke mmasị na-amụ chemical bekee.

Dabere na usoro nke analysis e nwere atọ dị iche iche nke usoro: chemical, anụ ahụ na physicochemical. All na-dabere na mgbanwe ahụ ma ọ bụ chemical Njirimara nke umi.

chemical ọmụmụ

Nke a na usoro Aims na-akọwapụta bekee quantitatively dị iche iche chemical Jeremaya mere na-ewere ọnọdụ. Nke ikpeazụ nwere mpụga ngosipụta (na agba mgbanwe, evolushọn nke gas, okpomọkụ, ịkpali). Nke a na usoro na ọtụtụ-eji ọtụtụ ubi nke ndụ ndị ụwa. Laboratory nke chemical research bụ bụchaghị ugbu ke ọgwụ, Petrochemical, ewu ụlọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.

atọ ụdị chemical research nwere ike mata. Gravimetry, ma ọ bụ gravimetric analysis dabeere na quantitative e ji mara nke mgbanwe nke ihe analyte na a sample. Nke a na nhọrọ bụ dị mfe ma na-enye ezi ihe ma na-ewe oge. Ke ụdị chemical ụzọ nke nchoputa chọrọ umi a tọhapụrụ site n'ozuzu mejupụtara nke a ịkpali ma ọ bụ a gas. Ọ na-ama ahụ ada n'ime a siri ike unyi anaghị agbasa na-adọ, na-ẹdụk, saa na Fikiere. Esonụ a na usoro ntukwasi akụrụngwa.

Titrimetry bụ atọ akụkụ analysis. Research Chemicals emee site ji atụ ego nke reagent na mkpatụ na analyte. Ya ịta mara tupu. Olu nke reagent tụrụ mgbe narị afọ ise tupu mgbe. Mgbe gas analysis ma ọ bụ chọpụta ego nke etinye obi gị dum họrọ gas.

Ke adianade do, nnyocha a na-eji chemical ụdị. Bu, na ịmepụta otu analogue nke ihe-amụ, ihe adaba-amụ ihe.

physics research

N'adịghị ka chemical research dabeere na-arụ ndị a Jeremaya mere, anụ ahụ ụzọ nke analysis dabeere na Njirimara nke yiri bekee. N'ihi na ha, mmejuputa iwu-achọ pụrụ iche akụrụngwa. The usoro mejupụtara na atụ mgbanwe e ji mara nke umi mere site radieshon. Isi ụzọ nke anụ ahụ nnyocha bụ refractometry, polarimetry, fluorimetry.

Refractometry a rụrụ iji a refractometer. The usoro na-ebelata na-amụ refraction nke ìhè agafe site na otu usoro ọzọ. Na-agbanwe agbanwe na n'akuku nke a na-adabere na Njirimara nke ọkara mmiri. Ya mere, ọ na-ekwe ka a mata ihe ndị mejupụtara nke ọkara na ya Ọdịdị.

Polarimetry bụ ihe ngwa anya nyochaa usoro nke na-eji ike nke ụfọdụ bekee bugharia na oscillation nke linearly ekewasị ìhè ụgbọelu.

Fluorimetry iji lasers na mercury oriọna ndị na-amị monochromatic radieshon. Ụfọdụ bekee nwere ike fluoristsentirovat (banye ma hapụ etinye obi gị dum radieshon). Ọ na-ekwubi na quantitative mkpebi siri ike nke bekee dabeere fluorescence osisi ike.

Anụ ahụ na chemical research

Anụ ahụ na chemical research ụzọ aha mgbanwe nkịtị Njirimara nke okwu n'okpuru nduzi nke dị iche iche chemical Jeremaya mere. Ha na-dabeere na kpọmkwem na nduzi nke anụ ahụ e ji mara nke ihe na ya chemical mejupụtara. Ndị a ụzọ na-achọ na ojiji nke ụfọdụ ngwá. A, chọpụtara a rụrụ maka thermal conductivity, eletriki conductivity, ìhè absorption, mmiri ịgbọ agbọ uche na agbaze.

Physico-chemical ọmụmụ nke umi n'ọtụtụ ebe ruru ya elu ziri ezi na-agba inweta ihe. N'ụwa taa n'ihi na mmepe nke IT-teknụzụ chemical ụzọ ya na-esi ike ide. Physico-chemical ụzọ na-eji na-emepụta ihe oriri, ugbo, forensics.

Otu n'ime ndị isi na iche nke physico-chemical ụzọ nke chemical bụ na ọgwụgwụ nke mmeghachi omume (na narị afọ ise tupu mgbe) a chọtara ji atụ ngwaọrụ, bụghị anya.

Isi ụzọ nke anụ ahụ na nke chemical research-atụle ga-spektral, electrochemical, kwes na chromatographic ụzọ.

Spektral analysis usoro bekee

Na ụzọ dabeere na spektral analysis nke ihe dabeere na mmekọrịta akpa radieshon. The absorption, echiche, na-achụsasị ndị ikpeazụ. Aha ọzọ nke usoro - ngwa anya. Ọ bụ a set nke qualitative na quantitative nnyocha. Spektral analysis na-enye ohere iji chọpụta ihe ndị chemical mejupụtara, Ọdịdị mmiri, a ndọta na ndị ọzọ e ji mara nke umi.

The usoro mejupụtara na-ekpebi ndị resonant frequencies na nke ihe onwunwe mkpatụ ìhè. Ha na-erube nnọọ onye ọ bụla na akụrụngwa. Site n'enyemaka nke spectroscope pụrụ ịhụ edoghi na ụdịdị dị iche iche na ịmata ihe mmiri nke umi. Siri nke spektral edoghi enye otu echiche nke ndị quantitative akparamagwa. The nhazi ọkwa nke spektral nso nke ụzọ bụ ụdị na nzube nke na-amụ ihe.

Ot usoro na-enye ohere anyị na-amụ emission spektra na-enye ihe ọmụma na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke umi. Maka data doro ihe electric aak agbapụta n'ahụ. A mgbanwe nke usoro a bụ ire ọkụ photometry. Absorption spektra na-nyochaworo absorption usoro. The n'elu nhọrọ qualitative analysis of bekee.

Quantitative analysis emen spektral osisi ike nke spektral akara nke ule ihe na a umi nke mara ịta. Ndị dị otú ahụ ụzọ kwesịrị ịgụnye atọm absorption, atọm fluorescent na luminescent assays, turbidimetry, nephelometry.

Ndọkwasi electrochemical analysis of bekee

Electrochemical analysis eji electrolysis na-amụ okwu. The mmeghachi omume na-rụrụ na otu okenye ihe ngwọta na electrodes. N'ihe na-otu nke dị atụmatụ. A ọmụmụ rụrụ na ihe electrochemical cell. Nke a arịa, nke na-enịm ke otu electrolyte (ionic eduzi ihe), electrodes (electronically conductive onwunwe). Electrodes na electrolytes emekọ. Mgbe nke a ugbu a na-ọnọ si n'èzí.

Nhazi ọkwa nke electrochemical ụzọ

Electrochemical ụzọ na-nkewa na ndabere nke phenomena, nke dabeere physico-chemical ọmụmụ. Nke a na usoro na imposition nke a mba ọzọ ụlọ na-enweghị ya.

Conductometry bụ analytic usoro jikoro eletriki conductivity na G. Mgbe conductometric nnwale na-eji nwetụ ugbu a. Conductometric titration - a nkịtị research usoro. Nke a na usoro dabeere na mmepụta nke obere conductometers eji maka chemical mmiri ọmụmụ.

Na-arụ potentiometry tụrụ EMF reversible electrochemical cell. coulometry usoro-ekpebi ego nke eletrik iwesa n'oge electrolysis. Voltammetry na-enyocha na nduzi nke ugbu a uru nke tọrọ ikike.

Kwes analysis ụzọ bekee

Kwes analysis Aims na-akọwapụta mgbanwe nkịtị Njirimara nke a umi site okpomọkụ. A nnyocha ụzọ na-rụrụ na a obere oge na na a obere ego nke sample mụọ.

Thermogravimetry - otu n'ime ụzọ nke kwes analysis, nke akụkọ maka aha nke uka nke ihe mgbanwe n'ihi okpomọkụ. Nke a na usoro a na-ewere ka otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị-ezi ezi.

Ke adianade do, thermal ụzọ nke nchoputa gụnyere calorimetry ekpebi okpomọkụ ikike nke umi entalpimetriya dabeere na kpọmkwem okpomọkụ nke na-amụ. Ọzọkwa, otu n'ime ha ga-ezo dilatometer nke fixes na sample olu mgbanwe n'ihi okpomọkụ.

Chromatographic ụzọ nke analysis of bekee

chromatographic usoro a na usoro maka nkewa nke bekee. E nwere ọtụtụ di iche iche nke chromatography, isi ndị: gas, nkesa, redox, sedimentation, ion mgbanwe.

The mmiri na sample na-ekewa n'etiti mobile na anyịnya n'ụzọ. Ke akpa idaha, anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere dị mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ, haruru. The anyịnya na-adọ bụ a sorbent - siri ike. The sample mmiri na mobile na-adọ na-akpali tinyere anyịnya. The ọsọ na oge nke Itie mmiri site na akụkụ ikpeazụ nke na-ekpe ikpe ahụ ha Njirimara.

The ojiji nke anụ ahụ na nke chemical ụzọ nke research

Ihe kacha mkpa ntụziaka nke anụ ahụ na nke chemical ụzọ bụ ịdị ọcha-chemical na forensic chemical nnyocha. Ha nwere ụfọdụ iche iche. Ke akpa idaha, maka nwale nke analysis eji ụkpụrụ ịdị ọcha nakweere. Ha na-setịpụrụ Ministry. Sanitary-chemical research a rụrụ ke ido kenyere na epidemiological ọrụ. The usoro nlereanya mee media na iṅomi Njirimara nke nri na ngwaahịa. ha onwe-ha mụta nwa na-arụ ọrụ ọnọdụ nke sample.

Forensic chemical ọmụmụ Aims quantitatively mata ọgwụ ọjọọ, ọgwụ ike na nsị na ahụ mmadụ, nri na ngwaahịa, ọgwụ preparations. The nnyocha a mụụrụ site a mkpebi ikpe.