Protein: Ọdịdị na ọrụ. Njirimara nke na-edozi

Dị ka a maara, na-edozi - ndabere nke ndụ si malite n'ụwa anyị a. Dị ka ozizi Oparin-Haldane bụ coacervate dobe, esịnede nke ụmụ irighiri nke peptides, ọ bụrụ na ndabere nke si malite ihe ndị dị ndụ. Nke a bụ doro anya na n'ihi na analysis nke esịtidem Ọdịdị nke ọ bụla so na biomass na-egosi na ndị a bekee nwere ihe niile: osisi, na ụmụ anụmanụ, microorganisms, dịkwa ka usoro ha, nje. Na ha dị nnọọ iche iche na ọdịdị na macromolecular.

The aha anọ ndị a akụkụ, ha na-agakọta:

• na-edozi;
• na-edozi;
• polypeptides;
• peptides.

protein ụmụ irighiri

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ha bụ n'ezie nnọọ ukwuu. Na nke a, ihe niile nke protein ụmụ irighiri nwere ike kewara abụọ isi iche iche:

• Simple - iso naanị nke amino acid usoro sonyeere peptide agbụ;
• mgbagwoju - Structure na Ọdịdị nke a protein na-ji ndị ọzọ protolytic (prosthetic) dị iche iche, na-akpọ cofactors.

Na nke a, mgbagwoju ụmụ irighiri na-nwere onwe ha nhazi ọkwa.

Gradation mgbagwoju peptides

1. Glycoproteins - na-akpachi anya protein na carbohydrate ogige. Ọdịdị nke ahụ molekul kpara prosthetic iche iche mucopolysaccharides.
2. Lipoproteins - a mgbagwoju compound nke protein na lipid.
3. Metalloproteins - ka a prosthetic otu bụ metal ion (ígwè, manganese, ọla kọpa, na ndị ọzọ).
4. Nucleoproteins - Nzaghachi protein na nucleic asịd (DNA, RNA).
5. Fosfoproteidy - conformation nke protein na a fọduru nke phosphoric acid.
6. Chromoproteids - yiri nnọọ metalloproteins, ma ihe mmewere na bụ akụkụ nke prosthetic otu bụ a acha mgbagwoju (red - haemoglobin, green - chlorophyll, na na).

Ọ bụla otu tụlere ihe owuwu ma na Njirimara nke na-edozi na-dị iche iche. The ọrụ na ha na-arụ, na ịdị iche iche dabere na ụdị nke molekul.

The chemical Ọdịdị nke na-edozi

Si echiche a na-edozi - a ogologo, oke yinye amino acid residues interconnected kpọmkwem nkekọ na-akpọ peptide. Si n'akụkụ akụkụ na asịd wezuga alaka - radicals. Nke a na Ọdịdị nke molekul chọpụtara site E. Fischer na mmalite nke XXI narị afọ.

Mgbe e mesịrị, na-edozi, Ọdịdị na ọrụ nke na-edozi e mụọ na ihe zuru ezu. Ọ bịara doo anya na amino asịd emejupụta ndị peptide Ọdịdị, a ngụkọta nke 20, ma ha nwere ike na otú ga-achọkwa ụzọ dị iche iche. N'ihi ya di iche iche nke polypeptide owuwu. Ke adianade do, na usoro nke ndụ na arụmọrụ nke ya ọrụ na-edozi na-enwe ike-ata a usoro nke chemical mgbanwe. N'ihi ya, ha na-agbanwe ihe owuwu, na e nwere bụ nnọọ ihe a ọhụrụ ụdị njikọ.

Agbaji peptide nkekọ, ie, akpaghasị protein Ọdịdị nke ígwè ga-họọrọ siri nnọọ ike na ọnọdụ (okpomọkụ, acid ma ọ bụ alkaline mkpali). Nke a bụ n'ihi na elu ike nke covalent nkekọ na molekul, ya bụ, na peptide otu.

Nchọpụta nke protein Ọdịdị na laabu a rụrụ iji biuret mmeghachi omume - mmetụta polypeptide freshly precipitated hydroxide, ọla kọpa (II). The mgbagwoju nke peptide otu na ọla kọpa ion na-enye a na-egbuke egbuke violet agba.

E nwere ihe anọ bụ isi nke bughi nzukọ, ọ bụla nke nwere ya e ji mara na Ọdịdị nke na-edozi.

Etoju nke nzukọ: isi Ọdịdị

Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, na peptide - a usoro nke amino acid residues na inclusions, ngalaba-enzymes, ma ọ bụ enweghị ha. Ya mere na-akpọ nke a bụ isi Ọdịdị nke molekul, nke bụ eke, N'ezie, ọ bụ ezi amino asịd sonyeere peptide agbụ, na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ. Nke ahụ bụ, polypeptide linear Ọdịdị. Na nke a akpan akpan Ọdịdị nke ahụ na-edozi nke ụdị - na na a Nchikota nke asịd dị oké mkpa maka arụmọrụ nke ọrụ nke protein molekul. Ekele atụmatụ ndị a bụ omume ọ bụghị nanị iji mata peptide ma ịkọ Njirimara na ọrụ nke ihe kpamkpam ọhụrụ, dị ka ma achọpụtaghị. Ihe Nlereanya nke peptides enwe eke isi Ọdịdị, - insulin, pepsin, chymotrypsin, na ndị ọzọ.

sekọndrị conformation

Structure na Njirimara nke na-edozi a, Atiya ịdị iche iche dịtụ. Ndị dị otú ahụ a Ọdịdị pụrụ kpụrụ ibido na uwa ma ọ bụ mgbe doro isi hydrolysis isiike, okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ ọnọdụ.

Nke a conformation nwere atọ iche:

1. Ezigbo, mgbe nile, stereoregular coils wuru si amino acid residues na-gbagọrọ gburugburu isi njikọ axis. Naanị ẹkenịmde ọnụ site hydrogen nkekọ na-ewere ọnọdụ n'etiti oxygen ìgwè nke onye peptide na ndị ọzọ hydrogen. Ebe Ọdịdị bụ ziri ezi n'ihi na eziokwu na ibe evenly ugboro ugboro kwa 4 larịị. Ndị dị otú ahụ a Ọdịdị pụrụ inwe ma ekpe aka na pravozakruchennoy. Ma na kasị mara ndi na-edozi dextrorotatory isomer predominates. Dị otú ahụ conformation a na-akpọ Alfa-owuwu.
2. The mejupụtara na Ọdịdị nke ndị na-esonụ ụdị protein dị iche na nke gara aga otu na na hydrogen nkekọ na-adịghị guzobere n'agbata eguzo n'akụkụ site n'akụkụ na otu akụkụ nke ndị fọdụrụnụ nke molekul na n'etiti n'ụzọ wepụrụ, nke na a zuru ezu nnukwu anya. N'ihi nke a, dum Ọdịdị-aghọ ndị ọzọ undulating, convoluted agwọ polypeptide ígwè. E nwere otu atụmatụ na kwesịrị protein. Ọdịdị nke ahụ amino asịd nke alaka kwesịrị dị ka obere dị ka nke glycine ma ọ bụ alanine, n'ihi na ihe atụ. Nke a na ụdị nke abụọ conformation a na-akpọ beta-Ibé akwụkwọ maka na ha nwere ikike arapara ọnụ ma ọ bụrụ na e guzobere n'ozuzu Ọdịdị.
3. Nke-atọ ụdị protein Ọdịdị dị ka usoro ndu na-egosi mgbagwoju raznorazbrosannye, unordered iberibe enweghị stereoregularity na ike gbanwee ihe owuwu n'okpuru nduzi nke mpụga ọnọdụ.

Ihe Nlereanya nke na-edozi na-enwe abụọ Ọdịdị site na okike, na-adịghị na-ekpughe.

Tertiary agụmakwụkwọ

Nke a bụ a pụtara mgbagwoju conformation, inwe aha "globule". Gịnị bụ a protein? Ọdịdị nke ọ dabeere na abụọ Ọdịdị, ma kwukwara ọhụrụ ụdị mmekọrịta n'etiti atọm nke dị iche iche, na dum molekul ogige dị ka, na-eduzi ya, eziokwu ahụ bụ na hydrophilic iche iche e eduzi n'ime globules na hydrophobic - si.

Nke a na-akọwa ihe-ndebe nke protein molekul na mmiri colloidal ngwọta. Gịnị bụ ụdị nke interactions na-e?

1. Hydrogen nkekọ - anọgide na-agbanweghi agbanwe n'agbata otu akụkụ dị ka nke abụọ Ọdịdị.
2. The hydrophobic (hydrophilic) mmekọrịta - ibilite mgbe etisasịwo mmiri polypeptide.
3. Ionic mma - raznozaryazhennymi kpụrụ n'etiti amino acid residues (buu) dị iche iche.
4. Covalent interactions - pụrụ kpụrụ n'etiti kpọmkwem acidic saịtị - cysteine ụmụ irighiri ihe, ma ọ bụ kama, ha ọdụ.

N'ihi ya, ihe ndị mejupụtara na Ọdịdị nke na-edozi na-enwe a tertiary Ọdịdị nwere ike kọwara dị ka a afụkọta n'ime globules polypeptide ígwè, retaining na kwụsie ike ya conformation ruru iche iche nke chemical interactions. Ihe Nlereanya nke ndị dị otú ahụ peptides: fosfoglitseratkenaza, tRNA, Alfa-keratin, silk fibroin, na ndị ọzọ.

The quaternary Ọdịdị

Nke a bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị sie ike nke globules, nke na-etolite na-edozi. The Ọdịdị na ọrụ nke na-edozi nke ndị dị otú a atụmatụ bụ nnọọ vasatail na kpọmkwem.

Gịnị bụ nke a conformation? Ọ bụ a ole na ole (mgbe ụfọdụ ọtụtụ) nke buru ibu ma na obere polypeptide ígwè, nke na-guzobere onwe ha nke ọ bụla ọzọ. Ma mgbe ahụ, n'ihi na otu interactions na anyị tụlere maka tertiary Ọdịdị nke ndị a peptides na-gbagọrọ na nwere njikọ chiri anya. N'ihi ya nwetara mgbagwoju conformational globules na ike ịnwe metal atọm, na lipid iche iche, na carbohydrate. Ihe Nlereanya nke ndị dị otú ahụ na-edozi: DNA polymerase, ụtaba virus envelopu protein, haemoglobin, na ndị ọzọ.

All peptide owuwu anyị tụlere nwere onwe ha ụzọ nke njirimara na laabu, dabeere na ugbu a, ohere nke iji chromatography, centrifugation, elektrọn na ngwa anya Microscopy na elu na kọmputa teknụzụ.

ọrụ

The Ọdịdị na ọrụ nke na-edozi na-anya mekọrịtara ọ bụla ọzọ. Nke ahụ bụ, ọ bụla peptide na-ekere òkè na bụ ihe pụrụ iche na kpọmkwem. E nwekwara ndị na-enwe ike ịrụ na a ndụ cell, ọtụtụ ịrịba azụmahịa. Ma a pụrụ chịkọtara ka na-egosipụta ihe ndị bụ isi ọrụ nke protein ụmụ irighiri na ozu nke di ndu:

1. Inye okporo ụzọ. Celled ntule ma ọ bụ organelles, ma ọ bụ ụdị ụfọdụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ike ije, he, mmegharị. Nke a protein na-nyere, akpụ akụkụ nke ha mebere atumatu nke moto ngwa: cilia, flagella, cytoplasmic akpụkpọ ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere enweghi ike Ndahie nke mkpụrụ ndụ, na-edozi nwere ike na-eme ka ha Mbelata (myosin muscle).
2. Ekwukwa n'akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ndabere ọrụ. Ọ bụ ihe na ìgwè protein ụmụ irighiri na oocytes, embrayo na osisi osisi maka n'ihu ndochi efu nri. N'elu cleavage nke peptides emepụta amino asịd na biologically ifịk bekee, nke bụ na ọ dị mkpa maka nkịtị mmepe nke ndu eme ntule.
3. The ike ọrụ. E wezụga carbohydrates magbuo ahụ nwere ike na-emepụta na-edozi. Na ire ere nke 1 g nke peptide tọhapụrụ 17.6 King James Version bara uru ike n'ụdị adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nke a na-nọrọ na mkpa n'ibu.
4. Signal na usoro iwu ọrụ. Ọ mejupụtara na-arụ ịkpachara anya nlekota nke na-aga n'ihu Filiks na nnyefe nke n'ókè site cell ka anụ ahụ, si ha ikike, si ọhụrụ ka usoro na na. Otu ihe atụ bụ insulin, nke na-erube nnọọ dere nọmba ọbara glucose.
5. Ihe nnabata ọrụ. Ọ na-enweta site na-agbanwe agbanwe conformation nke peptide na otu akụkụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ na-ekere òkè na nsọtụ ọzọ nke nhazigharị. Mgbe nke a emee na mgbaàmà nnyefe na ọmụma chọrọ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a na-edozi na-agbakwunyere na cytoplasmic akpụkpọ ahụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-ebu a na nlezianya na-achịkwa ihe niile nke ihe agafe therethrough. Ọzọkwa nche ị na chemical na n'ụzọ anụ ahụ mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi.
6. Transport ọrụ nke peptides. Ọ rụrụ na-azụ na-edozi na transporter edozi. Ọrụ ha bụ doro anya - ụgbọ njem na-achọsi ike ụmụ irighiri na saịtị na a ala ịta nke elu akụkụ. Otu ihe atụ bụ iga nke oxygen na carbon dioxide si akụkụ na anụ ahụ nke na protein haemoglobin. Ha nwekwara enweta nnyefe nke ogige ya na a ala molekụla ibu site na akpụkpọ ahụ n'ime cell.
7. Structure ọrụ. Otu n'ime ndị kasị mkpa nke ndị na-arụ protein. Ọdịdị nke mkpụrụ ndụ na ha organelles na-nyere peptides. Ha yiri eku kọwaa udi na Ọdịdị. Ke adianade do, ha na-akwado ya, na gbanwee ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa. Ya mere, maka na mmepe nke ihe niile dị ndụ ntule dị oké mkpa na-edozi na ihe oriri. Dị otú ahụ peptides gụnyere elastin, tubulin, collagen, actin, na ndị ọzọ keratin.
8. The catalytic ọrụ. Ya na-arụ enzymes. Ọtụtụ na iche iche, ha mee ngwangwa niile chemical na Biochemical Jeremaya mere ke idem. Enweghị ha na-ekere òkè, nkịtị apple ke afo ga-enwe ike gbara nanị maka ụbọchị abụọ, o yiri ka ehulata n'otu oge. N'okpuru ihe nke catalase, peroxidase na ndị ọzọ na enzymes, usoro a na-ewe ebe awa abụọ. Ke ofụri ofụri, ọ bụ n'ihi nke a ọrụ, protein anabolism na catabolism a rụrụ, ya bụ, plastic na ume metabolism.

The-echebe ọrụ

E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nke egwu, nke na-edozi na-e mere iji chebe ahu.

Firstly, chemical agha traumatic reagents, gas, na ụmụ irighiri ihe, bekee dị iche iche ụdịdị dị iche iche nke edinam. Peptides na-enwe ike itinye aka na ha na a chemical mmeghachi omume, n'ịtụgharị n'ime a na-adịghị njọ n'ụdị ma ọ bụ nanị dị iche iche.

Nke abụọ, nke anụ ahụ n'ihe ize ndụ site ọnya - ma ọ bụrụ na protein fibrinogen na oge na-adịghị ghọọ fibrin na saịtị nke ọjọọ, na ọbara adịghị curdle, na ya mere mkpọchi ga-eme. Ekem, ke Kama nke ahụ, ọ chọrọ plasmin peptide ike ṅụrụ clot ma weghachi patency arịa.

Thirdly, iyi egwu nke ọgụ. Structure na uru nke na-edozi na-etolite na dịghịzi chebe onwe, bụ oké mkpa. -Alụso ọrịa ọgụ, immunoglobulins, interferons - niile mkpa ma dị ịrịba na ihe nke lymphatic na ọgụ. Ọ bụla ndị mba ọzọ ahụ, obi molekul, sel ndị nwụrụ anwụ ma ọ bụ a akụkụ nke ndị nile Ọdịdị na-doro ihe ozugbo nchoputa site peptide compound. Ọ bụ ya mere a na mmadụ nwere ike nwere, na-enweghị enyemaka na-ọgwụ kwa ụbọchị iji chebe onwe ha site na ọrịa na mfe nje.

nkịtị Njirimara

Ọdịdị nke ahụ protein mkpụrụ ndụ bụ kpọmkwem na-adabere na ọrụ. Ma anụ ahụ Njirimara nke peptides ndị yiri ike belata ka ndị na-esonụ e ji mara.

1. Ibu ụmụ irighiri - ka 1000000 Daltons.
2. Na okenye ihe ngwọta na-etolite na colloidal usoro. E Ọdịdị enweta ana ike iche iche dabere acidity nke ọkara.
3. Mgbe ọ gụrụ njọ (radieshon, acid ma ọ bụ alkali, okpomọkụ, wdg) na-enwe ike ịkwaga ọzọ etoju conformations, i.e. denature. The usoro na 90% nke ikpe irreversible. Otú ọ dị, e nwere a reverse mgbanwe - renaturation.

A bụ isi Njirimara nke anụ ahụ e ji mara nke peptides.