Ụjọ anụ ahụ: Ọdịdị na ọrụ. Atụmatụ akwara anụ ahụ. Types of akwara anụ ahụ

Anyị na-na-jijiji, mgbe niile iyo na-abata ozi, na-eme ka ụwa nke gbara anyị gburugburu na-agbalị na-ege ntị gị ahu, na a dum, anyị na-aka site ịtụnanya mkpụrụ ndụ. Ha bụ n'ihi nke a ogologo evolushọn, n'ihi nke na-arụ ọrụ nke okike nile mmepe nke ntule na Earth.

Anyị nwere ike ikwu na anyị na usoro nke nghọta, analysis na omume bụ ezigbo. Ma, anyị na-nnọọ anya n'ebe ụmụ anụmanụ. Ịghọta otú a mgbagwoju usoro, ọ bụ nnọọ mkpa n'ihi na ọ ọkachamara - ọkà na ndị dibịa. Nke a nwere ike inwe mmasị, na ndị ọzọ Ọrụ.

The ọmụma n'isiokwu a bụ onye ọ bụla nwere na ike bara uru ọ bụghị naanị dị ka ihe ọmụma, n'ihi na nghọta nke organism - isi ihe na-aghọta onwe gị.

N'ihi na nke ọ bụ ọrụ

Human ụjọ anụ ahụ nwere a pụrụ iche bughi na ọtọ di iche iche nke akwara ozi na ha kpọmkwem interactions. Mgbe niile, ụbụrụ anyị na - nnọọ ike ndokwa usoro. Na jikwaa anyị omume, mmetụta uche na echiche anyị, anyị kwesịrị a nnọọ mgbagwoju netwọk.

Akwara anụ ahụ, Ọdịdị na ọrụ na-akọwa a set nke akwara ozi - mkpụrụ ndụ na spikes - na-ekpebi kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ nke ahụ ahụ, nke mbụ, na-enye achikota ọrụ niile ngwa usoro. Nke abuo, o ejikọ ahụ mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye onye na-agbanwe omume ya mgbanwe. Thirdly, akara metabolism n'okpuru mgbanwe ọnọdụ. All iche iche nke akwara anụ ahụ bụ a ihe onwunwe akụrụngwa nke psyche: mkpu usoro - ikwu okwu na iche echiche, peculiarities nke omume ọha mmadụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị eche na onye emeela ka uche gị, n'ihi na nke ọ na-aghaghị "àjà" ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị ike. Ka ihe atụ, anyị na-enweghị nnukwu ụzọ na ịnụ ihe, ihe nwere ike na-anya isi nke ụmụ anụmanụ.

Akwara anụ ahụ, Ọdịdị na ọrụ nke bụ nke na-ndabere nke eletriki na chemical nnyefe a n'ụzọ doro anya metụtara nanị akụkụ ụfọdụ mmetụta. N'ụzọ dị iche na humoral, usoro eme ozugbo.

Ọtụtụ obere transmitters

Mkpụrụ ndụ nke ụjọ anụ - na akwara ozi - bụ bughi na ọtọ nkeji nke ụjọ usoro. Neuron cell Ọdịdị ji a siri ike na ụba ọtọ iche iche. Ọdịdị nke ahụ neuron mejupụtara eukaryotic ahu (soma) onye dayameta na 3-100 microns Filiks. Soma neuron mejupụtara a ntọala na nucleolus na biosynthetic ngwa nke Nleta enzymes, bekee pụta ụwa na pụrụ iche na ọrụ nke akwara ozi. Nwa-ehi a Nissl - tightly n'akụkụ onye ọ bụla ọzọ esisịt olulu mmiri nke ike ike endoplasmic reticulum na Golgi ngwa mepụtara.

The ọrụ nke akwara cell nwere ike nọgidere na-rụrụ, n'ihi na ụba na ahu "ike osisi" na-amị ATP - hondrasom. Cytoskeleton ọkọnọ neurofilaments na microtubules, na arụ orụ a na-akwado ọrụ. N'oge ọnwụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ owuwu lipofuscin ink na-synthesized, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nke enwekwu na-amụba afọ nke neuron. Azuokokoosisi akwara ozi ink kpụrụ melatonin. The nucleolus emi esịnede protein na RNA si DNA isi. The ontogeny nke nucleolus na basophils chọpụta isi akparamàgwà Jeremaya mere na ụmụ mmadụ, ebe ọ bụ na ha na-adabere na-arụ ọrụ na ugboro ole nke kọntaktị. Akwara anụ ahụ na-agụnye ihe ndị bụ isi bughi unit - na neuron, ma e nwere ndị ọzọ dị iche iche nke support anụ ahụ.

Atụmatụ nke Ọdịdị nke akwara mkpụrụ ndụ

Dvuhmembrannoe ntọala akwara ozi nwere pores site na nke banye n'ime ndị n'efu bekee na-ewepụtara. Site mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ngwa iche emee eme ka nhazi na ugboro nke interactions. Ọzọ kernel ọrụ bụ ụkpụrụ nke protein njikọ. Ndị Tozuru Okè akwara ozi ike kee site mitosis, na genetically kpebisiri ifịk ngwaahịa synthesizing bụla neuron kwesịrị ịgba mbọ hụ ịrụ ọrụ na homeostasis ofụri ndụ okirikiri. Nnọchi nke mebiri emebi na-efu akụkụ naanị intracellularly nwere ike ime. Ma e nwere wezụga. The epithelium nke olfactory analyzer ụfọdụ ganglia nke ụmụ anụmanụ ike ikewa.

Mkpụrụ ndụ nke ụjọ anụ ahụ na-anya oké a dịgasị iche iche nke nha na shapes. Akwara ozi ji oge ufodu udi n'ihi na Filiks, mgbe mgbe, ọtụtụ ma tojuru. Nke a - ndụ na-eduzi nke eletriki n'ókè, nke na-dere mpiaji aak. Ụjọ anụ ahụ, Ọdịdị na ọrụ nke nke na-adabere na-ukwuu ọdịiche dị mkpụrụ ndụ, onye ọrụ mejupụtara na uzọ nke sensory ọmụma ngbanwe ya site eletriki pulses na ebunye ndị ọzọ nke ọdịiche dị mkpụrụ ndụ, bụ ike inye a nzaghachi. Ọ fọrọ nke nta ozugbo. Ma ụfọdụ bekee, tinyere mmanya, ukwuu jiri ya.

banyere axons

All iche iche nke ụjọ anụ ahụ ọrụ na kpọmkwem òkè Filiks-dendrites na axons. Axon a sụgharịrị site na Grik ka "axis". Nke a agbatiri usoro, conductive ahu site na excitation-spikes ọzọ akwara ozi. Axon Atụmatụ nke ukwuu branched, onye ọ bụla ruru eru iwe iwe na 5,000 akwara ozi na 10 na-etolite puku kọntaktị.

Locus soma, nke alaka ndị axon, a na-akpọ axon hillock. Ọ na-agwakọta ya na axon na ha enweghị ike ike endoplasmic reticulum, RNA, na enzymatic mgbagwoju.

A bit nke dendrites

Nke a aha na-ezo aka cell "osisi". Dị ka alaka, si soma eto stubby na ike branching Filiks. Ha na-enweta n'ókè na ndị loci ebe e nwere synapses. Dendrites via n'akụkụ alaka - spines - dịkwuo n'elu ebe ya mere na kọntaktị. Dendrites enweghị mkpuchite, na axons na-gburugburu a myelin n'ọbọ. Myelin bụ a lipid uwa, na ya edinam bụ yiri egbochi ihe Njirimara nke plastic ma ọ bụ roba mkpuchi electric wires. amụba excitation uche - axon hillock - pụtara na saịtị nke mbido nke axon si soma na akpalite na mpaghara.

White okwu nārigo nārida ụzọ na ụbụrụ na spinal axons ụdị site nke akwara esi gboo na-eduzi, na-introducer ebu ọrụ - neurotransmission. Eletriki n'ókè na-ebute site na ngalaba dị iche iche nke ụbụrụ na ọgidigi azụ, irube nkwurịta okwu n'etiti ha. The Executive ozu n'otu oge nwere ike jikọọ na-anabata ya. Gray okwu nke ụbụrụ cortex a kpụrụ. The spinal kanaal bụ center nke ebum pụta ụwa na-aghọ nkọ (Nje coughing) na autonomic emmepe nke mpiaji ọrụ nke afo, urination, defecation. Intercalary akwara ozi, na ahu na dendrites moto n'ịrụ mpiaji ọrụ, na-arụ moto Jeremaya mere.

Akụkụ nke akwara anụ ahụ ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ nke n'ibu. Akwara ozi bụ unipolar, psevdounipolyarnymi, bipolar. The ụmụ mmadụ ụjọ na-atụ anụ ahụ adịghị unipolar otu outgrowth akwara ozi. Na multipolar - n'ụba dendritic Kporo. Nke a branching adịghị emetụta ọsọ nke mgbaàmà.

Dị iche iche na mkpụrụ ndụ - a dịgasị iche iche nke ihe aga-eme

The ọrụ nke akwara cell dị iche iche iche nke akwara ozi. Iche iche na mpiaji aak ma ọ bụ ịmata ihe dị iche afferent sensory akwara ozi, na-eduzi gboo si akụkụ na anụ ụbụrụ.

Intercalary akwara ozi, ma ọ bụ mkpakọrịta, - a ìgwè nke ịmafe ma ọ bụ na njikọ akwara ozi na nyochaa ma na-eme mkpebi, na-ebu akwara cell ọrụ.

Efferent akwara ozi, ma ọ bụ mwute, jide ọmụma banyere sensations - na gboo si akpụkpọ esịtidem akụkụ ụbụrụ.

Efferent akwara ozi, effector, ma ọ bụ ije, omume gboo - na "otu" si ụbụrụ na ọgidigi azụ niile na-arụ ọrụ na ozu.

Njirimara nke akwara anụ ahụ na akwara ozi na-arụ ọrụ mgbagwoju na ọla-arụ ọrụ n'ime ahụ, Otú ọ dị humdrum oge ochie ọrụ - inye ya nri, mwepụ nke ire ere ngwaahịa, na-echebe ọrụ ọkọkpọhi inyeaka ma ọ bụ na-akwado neuroglial mkpụrụ ndụ Schwann.

The usoro nke guzobere akwara mkpụrụ ndụ

The sel nke nural tube na a iche ganglion efere akọwapụta atụmatụ nke nural anụ ahụ abụọ ntụziaka na-aghọ nnukwu neuroblasts na neurocytes. Obere mkpụrụ ndụ (spongioblasty) anaghị amụba ma na-glial mkpụrụ ndụ. Akwara anụ ahụ, ụdị akwa nke na-dere akwara ozi, mejupụtara isi na inyeaka. Inyeaka sel ( "glial mkpụrụ ndụ") bụ nke akpan akpan Ọdịdị na ọrụ. The Central ụjọ usoro na- anọchi anya ndị na-esonụ ụdị nke glial mkpụrụ ndụ: ependimotsitami, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes; elu - gliocytes ganglia, ọnụ na neyrolemmotsitami glial mkpụrụ ndụ - Schwann mkpụrụ ndụ. Ependimotsity oghere lining ventricles nke ụbụrụ na spinal kanaal na secrete na cerebrospinal ọmụmụ. Types of akwara anụ ahụ - astrocytes, kpakpando ekara ụdị anụ ahụ isi awọ na-acha ọcha okwu. Njirimara nke ụjọ anụ - astrocytes na glial akpụkpọ ahụ na-eme ka ọbara-ụbụrụ mgbochi: n'etiti mmiri mmiri na connective anụ ahụ nke na ụjọ na-atụ na-aga bughi na ọtọ ókè.

Evolution ákwà

Isi ihe onwunwe nke a ndụ organism bụ ogwe ma ọ bụ uche. akwara anụ ahụ ụdị substantiated phylogenetic ọnọdụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ na nwere obosara mgbanwe, nsogbu na usoro nke evolushọn. All ntule achọ ụfọdụ kwa nke esịtidem co-emume na ụkpụrụ nke kwesịrị ekwesị na mmekọrịta n'etiti ike ka homeostasis na n'ahụ ala. Ụjọ anụ ahụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ, karịsịa multicellular Ọdịdị na ọrụ nke nke undergone aromorphoses, na-akwalite lanarị na-alụ maka ịdị adị. Na oge ochie hydroid ọkọnọ stellate, akwara mkpụrụ ndụ gbasasịa ofụri idem na metụtara kasị mma Filiks, nwere njikọ chiri anya. Nke a na ụdị nural anụ ahụ a na-akpọ asị ibe.

Ụjọ usoro planar na roundworms azuokokoosisi, n'ọkwá ụdị (ortogon) mejupụtara a ụzọ nke ụbụrụ ganglia - ụyọkọ nke akwara mkpụrụ ndụ na inyịme si ha longitudinal Kporo (konnektivy) interconnected site cross-uzo commissures. Na annelids si peripharyngeal ganglion ejikọrọ uzo, doo ventral akwara udo, nke na onye ọ bụla nke - abụọ contiguous akwara ọnụ jikọọ site akwara ozi. Ụfọdụ spineless lekwasị akwara ganglia na guzobere nke ụbụrụ. Ebumpụta ụwa na ikuziri na ohere kọwara ụmụ ahụhụ cephalization ụzọ ganglia nke ụbụrụ, ụjọ peripharyngeal mgbanaka na ventral akwara yinye.

Na chordate nural anụ ahụ, anụ ahụ na ụdị nke na-oké ike, siri ike ịhụ, ma nke a na Ọdịdị nke evolutionarily ziri ezi. Dị iche iche n'ígwé iputa na-ndokwa na dorsal n'akụkụ nke ahụ ahụ na-etolite na nural tube oghere - nevrotsel. Na vertebrates na-ọdịiche dị na ụbụrụ na ọgidigi azụ. Na guzobe nke ụbụrụ na n'ihu njedebe nke tube blistering. Ọ bụrụ na ala multicellular ụjọ usoro na-arụ a kpere bridging ọrụ, mgbe ahụ, na elu ụmụ anụmanụ na-rụrụ ọmụma nchekwa, wepụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, na-enyekwa nhazi na mwekota.

Na mammals, ndị a ụbụrụ ọzịza enye ịrị elu na isi akụkụ ụbụrụ. Ma ihe ndị ọzọ na-tube Nleta ọgidigi azụ. Akwara anụ ahụ, Ọdịdị na ọrụ nke nke na elu mammals na, agbanweela ịrịba mgbanwe. Nke a na-aga n'ihu mmepe nke ọrịa ụbụrụ cortex, na n'akụkụ nile nke ụjọ usoro, na-eme a mgbagwoju mmegharị na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ, na ụkpụrụ nke homeostasis.

Center na mpụta

ụjọ usoro na-nkewa site ọtọ ngalaba na Mmebe. The anatomical Ọdịdị yiri ebe aha ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ Central ụjọ usoro na elu. The Central ụjọ usoro na-agụnye ụbụrụ na ọgidigi azụ, na elu akwara nọchiri anya, mgbakọ na jedebere. Akwara Filiks ọkọnọ ụyọkọ bụ CNS myelin n'ọbọ kpuchie general, na-eduzi ọkụ n'ókè. sensory akwara ozi, dendrites etolite sensory akwara axons - moto irighiri akwara.

Assembly nke ogologo na obere forms weere akwara pulitere. Dum n'ịkpa na-etinye uche, neuronal cell ozu mejupụtara ọnụ n'ofè Central ụjọ usoro. Akwara endings na-ekewa n'ime ihe nnabata na effector. Dendrites site ọnụ alaka iyatesịt converted n'ime eletriki n'ókè. A efferent axons akwụsị - na-arụ ọrụ n'ahụ ha, mọzụlụ, emep uta eri, glands. Nhazi ọkwa arụmọrụ egosi nkewa n'ime somatic ụjọ usoro na kwurula.

Ihe anyị na-achịkwa, ma ihe anyị na-apụghị

Njirimara nke ụjọ anụ ahụ n'ihi na eziokwu na somatic ụjọ usoro bụ isiokwu n'ọchichọ nwoke, innerviruya ọrụ support usoro. Motor emmepe na-arịa ọrịa cortex. Autonomous, nke a na-akpọ vegetative, adịghị adabere na uche mmadụ. Dabere na ya ase, i nwere ike na adị ma ọ bụ jiri nwayọọ obi kwaa ma ọ bụ nsia motility. Ebe ọ bụ na ọnọdụ nke autonomic emmepe - hypothalamus, site na autonomic ụjọ usoro Monitors obi na arịa, endocrine usoro, abdominal akụkụ.

Akwara anụ ahụ, photos nke ị pụrụ ịhụ n'elu, Nleta ọmịiko na parasympathetic nkewa nke autonomic ụjọ usoro, nke na-enye ohere ka ha mee ihe dị ka akụ ọkpọ, na-enye ibe antithetical mmetụta. Excitation n'otu ahụ na-akpata deceleration na ndị ọzọ na usoro. Ka ihe atụ, ọmịiko akwara ozi-eme ka oké na Ugboro mkpi nke obi ulo nile, vasoconstriction, ọbara mgbali jumps ka nọrepinefrini a tọhapụrụ. Parasimpatika atọhapụ acetylcholine, na-eme ka ike gwụ obi rhythms, dịkwuo lumen nke akwara belata nsogbu. Guzozie ndị a dị iche iche nke ndị ogbugbo normalize obi n'afọ iri na ụma.

The ọmịiko ụjọ usoro eme n'oge ufiop nchegbu mgbe egwu ma ọ bụ nchekasị. N'ókè-eme na ebe nke thoracic na lumbar vertebrae. The parasympathetic usoro na-arụ ọrụ na-ezu ike na mgbaze, n'oge na-ehi ụra. Ozu ndị akwara ozi na - na na akpati sacrum.

Na ihe nkowa n'inyocha karịsịa Purkinje mkpụrụ ndụ, nke nwere a ube-ekara na a plurality nke dendritic branching, onye pụrụ ịhụ otú ndị ọkụ nyefe, na ikpughe usoro nke soje usoro nzọụkwụ.