Silicon na ya ogige. Silicon ke uwa. The ojiji nke sịlịkọn

Otu n'ime ndị kasị ewu ewu na na nkà na ụlọ ọrụ nke ọcha bụ sịlịkọn. Na ya nweta ihe ọhụrụ Njirimara. Taa, e nwere ọtụtụ dị iche iche ogige nke a mmewere, nke na-egwu ọrụ dị mkpa na njikọ na ihe e kere eke nke teknuzu ngwaahịa, glassware, iko, na ngwá, ụlọ ihe, ọla na ndị ọzọ ọrụ.

General e ji mara nke sịlịkọn

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-atụle ọnọdụ nke sịlịkọn na oge usoro, ọ bụ omume na-asị:

1. IV dị na isi subgroups nke ìgwè.
2. The usoro nọmba 14.
3. Atomic uka 28,086.
4. The chemical akara Si.
5. Aha - sịlịkọn, ma ọ bụ na Latin - silicium.
6. The electronic nhazi nke elu oyi akwa 4e: 2e: 8e.

The crystal lattice nke sịlịkọn yiri diamond lattice. The ọnụ na-ndokwa atọm, ya ụdị - a ihu na-eche nanị cubic. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ukwuu ogologo nke nkwurịta okwu nkịtị Njirimara nke sịlịkọn ike si dị iche na Njirimara nke carbon allotropic mgbanwe.

Anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara

E nwere ihe abụọ allotropic mgbanwe nke mmewere: amorphous na crystal. Ha ndị yiri nnọọ. Otú ọ dị, dị ka ọ na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ, isi ihe dị iche n'etiti ha - na crystalline sịlịkọn lattice.

Na nke a, ma nsụgharị - a ntụ ntụ nke dị iche iche na agba.

1. crystalline sịlịkọn bụ a onwunwu ọchịchịrị isi awọ ntụ ntụ-dị ka metal. Ya Ọdịdị kwekọrọ na diamond, ma dị iche iche Njirimara. Ọ nwere:

• fragility;
• ala ekweghị ekwe;
• okporo ọkụ Njirimara;
• The agbaze okpomọkụ nke 1415 ⁰ C;
• njupụta 2,33 g / cm ^3;
• na esi okpomọkụ nke 2700 ⁰ C.

Ya chemical ọrụ bụ ala tụnyere ndị ọzọ allotropic ụdị.

2. amorphous sịlịkọn - aja aja aja aja ntụ ntụ, nwere ihe owuwu silnorazuporyadochennogo diamond. Reactivity bụ elu nke ọma.

Ke ofụri ofụri, ọ ga-ahụ kwuru na-eme sịlịkọn adịghị amasị ya. Iji mee ka ọ na-eme, dị mkpa okpomọkụ na-erughị 400-500 ⁰ C. iche iche chemical ogige ii nke sịlịkọn n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị a. Dị ka:

• oxides;
• halides;
• gburu onwe;
• nitrides;
• borides;
• carbides.

Ikekwe na mmekọrịta nke sịlịkọn na nitric acid ma ọ bụ ihe alkali, nke a na-akpọ onye na etching usoro. Nile silicones, nke na-ugbu a aghọ ndị ọzọ ọsọ.

N'ịbụ agwa

Silicon-adịkarị dị nnọọ a ịrịba ego. Ọ bụ na nke abụọ ebe mgbe oxygen njupụta. Ya ibu nta bụ banyere 30%. Mmiri nke oké osimiri nakwa dere ifịk mmewere na a ịta nke 3 mg / L. Ya mere, anyị enweghị ike ikwu na sịlịkọn na ọdịdị - ọ bụ a obere mmewere.

Kama nke ahụ, e nwere ọtụtụ dị iche iche nkume na mineral, dị ka akụkụ nke na ọ na-adị na site na nke ọ nwere ike amịpụtara. The kasị eke sịlịkọn ogige bụ:

1. Silica. The chemical usoro SiO _2. E nwere nnọọ ihe a iche iche minerals na nkume na ya isi: ájá, ọmụ feldspar, quartz, nkume kristal, amethyst, chalcedony, carnelian, opal, jasper, na ndị ọzọ.
2. Silicates na aluminum silicates. Kaolin, feldspar, mica, silicic acid salts, Asbestos, talc.

N'ihi ya, na-agbasa n'ọtụtụ ebe na ọdịdị sịlịkọn na ya ogige na-ewu ewu na ina ndị mmadụ na-eji maka oru nzube.

Silicon na ya ogige

Ebe ọ bụ na dị ọcha na-atụle adị mmewere nwere ike, ya mere, nwere dị iche iche dị mkpa nke ya ogige. Si chemical ele ihe anya, ọ pụrụ ịbụ atọ ọxịdashọn ala +2, +4, -4. Etinyewe a, nakwa n'ihi na ha inertia, ma karịsịa, na crystalline lattice Ọdịdị, ya site na-esonụ isi ụdị nke bekee:

• ọnụọgụ abụọ ogige na-abụghị ọla (silane, carbide, nitride, phosphide, na otú pụta;
• oxides;
• silicic acid;
• metal silicates.

Ka anyị tụlee otú ihe dị mkpa na-sịlịkọn na ya ogige, bụ kasị na-ewu ewu maka ndị mmadụ.

sịlịkọn oxides

E nwere ihe abụọ na ụdị nke bekee kwupụtara nke usoro:

• SiO;
• SiO _2.

Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị kasị n'ọtụtụ ebe na nwere dioxide. Ọ dị na ọdịdị n'ụdị a mara mma nke ukwuu ọkara dị oké ọnụ ahịa na nkume:

• agate;
• chalcedony;
• opal;
• carnelian;
• jasper;
• amethyst;
• rhinestone.

The ojiji nke sịlịkọn n'ụdị a emewo hụrụ ya ngwa ke imewe nke ọla. Incredibly mara mma ọlaedo na ọlaọcha ọla mere ndị a semiprecious na semiprecious nkume.

A ole na ole ọdịiche nke silica:

• quartz;
• osimiri na quartz ájá ;
• ọmụ;
• feldspars.

The ojiji nke sịlịkọn na ndị dị otú ahụ na ụdị emejuputa na-ewu, engineering, ngwá electronic, chemical ụlọ ọrụ, nkà mmụta banyere ígwè. Ọnụ, ndị e depụtara oxides na-ezo aka a otu umi - silica.

Karbid Kremniya na ya iji

Silicon na ya ogige - a ihe onwunwe nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu na ugbu a. One dị otú ahụ ihe onwunwe bụ sịlịkọn carbide ma ọ bụ carbide nke mmewere. The chemical usoro nke SiC. Ọ na-adị na ọdịdị dị ka ịnweta moissanite.

Dị ọcha ụdị carbon na sịlịkọn compound - mara mma, uzo kristal, diamond-dị ka Ọdịdị. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na teknuzu nzube ada ese na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ na na nwa agba ihe onwunwe.

Main e ji mara nke umi, ikwe na ya iji na ụlọ ọrụ, nkà na ụzụ, chemical ụlọ ọrụ, na-esonụ:

• obosara ọdịiche okporo ọkụ;
• dị nnọọ elu na ike (7 Mohs ọnụ ọgụgụ) ;
• eguzogide okpomọkụ;
• magburu onwe elektroustoychivost na thermal conductivity.

All nke a na-enye ohere iji ihe sịlịkọn carbide dị ka ihe abrasive ihe na nkà mmụta banyere ígwè na chemical njikọ. Ọzọkwa, ọ dabeere LEDs emepụta a dịgasị iche iche nke ihe, akụkụ na iko ọkụ, nozzles, ọwa, ọla (moissanite ekele FIANITE n'elu).

Silane na ihe ọ pụtara

Hydrogen sịlịkọn compound bụ silane na aha apụghị nwetara site kpọmkwem njikọ si malite ihe. Iji nweta ihe dị iche iche metal silicides na-eji, nke na-doro acid ọgwụgwọ. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, ndị silane gas a tọhapụrụ na Nleta a metal nnu.

Ọ bụ na-akpali na compound na ajụjụ mgbe emepụta naanị. Always na mmeghachi omume nke a ngwakọta nke mono-, di- na Trisilane nke sịlịkọn atọm na-jikọrọ ọnụ nkpọrọ.

On Njirimara nke ndị a ogige - siri ike na mbenata mmadụ. Onwe Ha si otú mfe oxidized site oxygen, mgbe ụfọdụ, explosively. Ihe ike mmeghachi omume na halogens mgbe niile na otutu nke ike tọhapụ.

Ngwa nke ndị na-esonụ silanes:

1. Jeremaya mere, nke organic njikọ, dị ka a N'ihi nke a ọ dị mkpa ka silicones - silicone, roba, sealants, lubricants, emulsions na ndị ọzọ.
2. Microelectronics (LCD Monitors, integrated technical osise, wdg).
3. High-adị ọcha polysilicon.
4. Dental prosthetics.

N'ihi ya, silanes na ụwa nke oge a dị elu.

Silicic acid na silicates

Hydroxide nke mmewere - ha dị iche iche silicas. na-akwanyere ùgwù:

• meta;
• o;
• polysilicon na ndị ọzọ asịd.

All nke ha nwere nkịtị atụmatụ - oké ahaghị nhata na free ala. Ha na-adị mfe akadiahade site okpomọkụ. N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, e nwere adịteghị, mbịne mbụ n'ime a Sol na mgbe a jel. Mgbe ihicha, ndị silica gels, dị owuwu na-akpọ. Ha na-eji dị ka adsorbents na nzacha.

Mkpa si ele ihe anya nke ụlọ ọrụ, bụ salts nke silicic asịd - silicates. Ha na-ndabere nke nkwadebe nke ndị dị otú ahụ bekee, dị ka:

• iko;
• ihe;
• ciment;
• zeolite;
• kaolin;
• poselin;
• ụrọ;
• crystal;
• ceramik.

Alkali metal silicates - soluble, ndị fọdụrụ - dịghị. Ya mere, sodium na potassium silicate a na-akpọ mmiri iko. Nkịtị agụmakwụkwọ nyagide - nke a bụ sodium nnu nke silicic acid.

Ma ndị kasị akpali ogige ndị niile nke otu iko. Nke naanị nhọrọ maka a umi na-enweghị echiche! Taa, nyere acha, ngwa anya, matte nhọrọ. Glassware na-eju anya ya n'ịma mma ya na di iche iche. Mgbe na-agbakwụnye na-metal na nonmetal oxides na ngwakọta nwere ike inweta a dịgasị iche iche nke ụdị nke iko. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọbụna otu mejupụtara, ma dị iche iche percentages nke mmiri na-eduga ná a dị iche na Njirimara nke umi. Ihe Nlereanya bụ poselin na nke ụrọ, nke usoro SiO ₂ * AL ₂ O ₃ * K ₂ O.

Quartz iko - bụ ụdị nke elu-adị ọcha ngwaahịa, onye mejupụtara a kọwara dị ka silica.

na sịlịkọn ogige Nchọpụta

Kemgbe afọ ole na ole, ọmụmụ gosiri na sịlịkọn na ya ogige - kasị mkpa ndị na-kwesịrị ikwu nke ndu eme ntule. C erughi ma ọ bụ ngafe nke a nyere mmewere metụtara ọrịa ndị dị ka:

• cancer;
• ụkwara nta;
• ogbu na nkwonkwo;
• cataracts;
• ekpenta;
• ọnyụnyụ ọbara;
• rheumatism;
• ịba ọcha n'anya na ndị ọzọ.

Ịka nká Filiks onwe ha na-na-metụtara na quantitative ọdịnaya nke sịlịkọn. Ọtụtụ nwere na mammals egosiwo na enweghị ihe mmewere na-enwe obi ọgụ, ọrịa strok, cancer na ịba ọcha n'anya C virus na-arụ ọrụ.