Site na ahụ mmadụ: uru, mmetụta

N'ihi mmiri ọgwụ - usoro ndu na-amụrụ chemical mejupụtara nke onye mkpụrụ ndụ na organism dị ka a dum. Ọ maara na ọ fọrọ nke nta 98% nke cell ọdịnaya gụnyere oxygen, carbon, nitrogen na hydrogen. Ndị a ọgwụ na-akpọ organogenic. 1.8% bụ potassium, sodium, magnesium, chlorine na site. Na ụmụ mmadụ, ha bụ akụkụ nke ịnweta salts na-enwe ụdị nke mfe ma ọ bụ mgbagwoju ion, na-enye nkịtị N'ezie nke metabolism Jeremaya mere. Ka ihe atụ, ndị isi compound nke mkpụrụ ndụ maka nyefe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa àgwà - nucleic asịd - nkejikotara anions bụ anions nke phosphoric acid.

The ATP molekul nke software cell ike na-agụnye site ion. Ke ibuotikọ emi, anyị na-ewetara ihe atụ ndị na-egosi ọrụ dị mkpa nke site na ahụ mmadụ na-akpakwa ndị metabolism.

Covalent pola agbụ na ha bara uru

The ndabere Ọdịdị nke organic bekee emejupụta ndụ okwu, bụ ikike nke ụmụ irighiri na-etolite a ụfọdụ ụdị chemical nkekọ. Ọ na-akpọ pola covalent na ịda n'etiti nonmetal atọm, na-ekpebi ihe ndị bụ isi e ji mara nke chemical ogige. N'ihi mmiri ọgwụ, na-amụ ihe owuwu nke ụmụ irighiri nke bekee na osisi sel, dịkwa ka usoro ha, na ụmụ anụmanụ, ka ha chemical mejupụtara. Ọ tụgharịrị na, e wezụga nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, na ha nwere site. Na ụmụ mmadụ, ọ na-adịghị dị na free ala, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ukwuu na-egbu egbu. Ya mere, na ndụ usoro mmewere nwere n'ụdị anions meta-, ortho- ma ọ bụ pyrophosphoric acid, nke nwere ike na-etolite nkekọ na metal cations. Na ihe bekee ha nwere ike izute mkpụrụ ndụ?

Site na mgbagwoju organic ụmụ irighiri

Ndi na-edozi skeletal usoro, homonụ, vitamin, na lipids na-etolite a site-nwere mgbagwoju ion mgbagwoju ogige. Na ụmụ mmadụ na e nwere ọtụtụ ogige - na fosfoproteidy phospholipids,-eme ka elu na ụmụ irighiri ihe nke biologically-arụ ọrụ bekee - enzymes na Steroid. Polar covalent nkekọ na DNA na RNA nucleotides ekwe guzobe phosphodiester nkekọ na nucleic acid n'agbụ. Gịnị mere na mkpa site na ahu na ihe bụ ya na ọrụ na metabolism? Ka anyị buru ụzọ tụlee okwu na cellular larịị nke nzukọ.

Ebe site na elemental mejupụtara mkpụrụ ndụ

Dị ka ọdịnaya cytoplasm na organelles (0.2-1%), na-abụghị metal bụ na anọ ebe mgbe organogenic ọcha. Kasị jupụta locomotor site ogige mkpụrụ ndụ - osteocytes, eze anụ ahụ umi - dentin. Great dị na ha na akwara ozi na glia, nke-eme ka elu ụjọ usoro. Site atọm dị na akpụkpọ ahụ na-edozi, nucleic asịd na ume bekee - adenosine triphosphate ATP ma belata ụdị nikotinamiddinukleotidfosfata - NADP × H _2. Dị ka anyị na-ahụ mmadụ site na-achọta na niile dị oké mkpa owuwu: mkpụrụ ndụ, anụ ahụ, n'ahụ usoro.

Ọ maara na larịị nke cell homeostasis, nke bụ na-emeghe ndu usoro na-adabere na ịta nke dị iche iche ion na intercellular ọmụmụ na hyaloplasm. Gịnị bụ ọrụ nke site na mmezi nke a mgbe nile esịtidem gburugburu ebe obibi nke ahụ mmadụ?

The echekwa usoro

N'ihi na ihe onwunwe site ná mpụta semipermeable akpụkpọ ahụ n'ime cell mgbe niile na-enweta dị iche iche bekee, akwa ịta ike imetụta ya ọrụ. Iji neutralize ngafe nke na-egbu egbu ion, na cytoplasm, ọnụ na cations sodium, potassium, calcium, nwere acidic residues carbonate, sulfite, na phosphoric asịd. Ha na-enwe ike eme na ngafe nke ion jidere a onu, na na-ejikwa anọgidesi nke intracellular ọdịnaya. The echekwa usoro e wezụga ion nke na-adịghị ike asịd, bụchaghị na-agụnye anions HPO ₄ ^2- na H ₂ PO ₄ ^- nwere site. Na ụmụ mmadụ, ọ na-emi esịnede a echekwa usoro enye physiologically nkịtị N'ezie nke metabolic Jeremaya mere na cellular larịị.

oxidative phosphorylation

The gbawara nke organic ogige na cell na-akpọ aerobic respiration. The ebe mgbakọ - na mitochondria. Ke n'ime folds - cristae organelles - odude enzymes okụre. Ka ihe atụ, ATPase usoro mejupụtara molekuly- elektrọn ebu. N'ihi Jeremaya mere catalyzed site enzymes si ADP na free phosphoric acid ụmụ irighiri synthesized ATP - eluigwe na ala ike mkpụrụ ndụ gị n'ụlọnga iwesa ha mmeputakwa, ibu, ngagharị. Ya guzobere nwere ike na-anọchi anya na a mfe mmeghachi omume atụmatụ: F = ADP + ATP. Mgbe ahụ adenosinetriphosphate ụmụ irighiri akpọkọtara na cytoplasm. Ha na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke ike maka n'ibu ọrụ, n'ihi na ihe atụ, na muscular usoro, na Jeremaya mere nke plastic mgbanwe. Ya mere, site na ahụ mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ume metabolism.

Phosphodiester nkekọ si n'aka ruo n'aka ụmụ irighiri

High atọm site ọdịnaya ka e dekọrọ na cell ntọala, dị ka akụkụ nke so nucleic asịd. Meghere narị afọ nke 19 Swiss ọkà mmụta sayensị F. Miescher, ha na-biopolymers esịnede monomers na - nucleotides. Site bụ ugbu ma na purine na pyrimidine bases, na njikọ akpụ yinye RNA na superhelix DNA. The monomers nke ndị nucleic asịd ike nke na-akpụ a polima Ọdịdị site amị covalent nkekọ dị n'etiti ndị pentose residues na phosphoric acid dina n'akụkụ nucleotides. Ha na-akpọ phosphodiester. Ihere DNA na RNA ụmụ irighiri aa na mmadụ niime ụlọnga gụrụ ike gamma radieshon ma ọ bụ nsi n'ihi nsi bụ n'ihi na-agbawa nke phosphodiester agbụ. Ọ na-eduga ná Cell ọnwụ.

ndu membranes

Structure akọwapụta ihe n'ime ime ọdịnaya nke cell, na na-ekewet nke phosphorus. Na ụmụ mmadụ ruo 40% site na akọrọ arọ dara na ogige nwere phospholipids na fosfoproteidy. Ha bụ ndị isi mmiri nke akpụkpọ ahụ oyi akwa, na nke e nwekwara bekee ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka na-edozi na carbohydrates. High site ọdịnaya bụ ahụkarị shei neurocytes na Filiks - dendrites na axon. Phospholipids membranes enye plasticity, na ekele na cholesterol ụmụ irighiri na ọbụna ike. Ha na-egwu ọrụ nke abụọ ozi - egosi ụmụ irighiri na-activators nke effector edozi aka na akwara na-akwadoghị akwado.

Parathyroid glands na ọrụ ha na site metabolism

Yiri agwa dina ma lobes nke thyroid gland na-enwe a arọ nke 0.5-0.8 g ọ bụla, ndị parathyroid gland na secrete parathyroid hormone. Ọ achịkwakwa mgbanwe nke ọcha dị ka calcium na site na ahụ. The ọrụ bụ ka ha na mmetụta na-osteoblasts na osteocytes - ọkpụkpụ mkpụrụ ndụ, nke na-emetụta hormone amalite secrete nnu nke phosphoric acid na extracellular ọmụmụ. Mgbe hyperfunction nke parathyroid glands nke ụmụ mmadụ ọkpụkpụ ida ike, nro na-agbaji ala, ndị site ọdịnaya ha mbelata sharply. N'oge a, ihe ize ndụ nke fractures nke ọkpụkpụ azụ, pelvis na n'úkwù, egwu ọrịa ndụ. N'out oge, na-amụba ichekwa calcium. Nke a na-eduga ná hypercalcemia na mgbaàmà nke elu irighiri akwara na ọdịda nke skeletal Akwara ụda. PTH eme na akụrụ, mbenata reabsorption site salts si isi mmamịrị. Amụba phosphate ọdịnaya akụrụ anụ ahụ na-akpata hyperphosphaturia na Calculus guzobere.

The ịnweta mejupụtara nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ahụ

The ekweghị ekwe, ike na ekwedo nke support usoro na-adabere na chemical mejupụtara nke ọkpụkpụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Osteocytes nwere dị ka organic ogige, e.g. ossein protein, na inorganic bekee nwere phosphate salts calcium na magnesium. Na afọ, a onye nke ịnweta mmiri dị ka hydroxylapatite na osteocytes na osteoblasts abawanye. Ndiiche ọkpụkpụ mineralization, ìgwè calcium salts na ngafe site na ahụ na-eduga ná ọnwụ nke ekwedo na ike nke ọkpụkpụ, otú ndị agadi ndị na-emekarị bụ na n'ihe ize ndụ nke unan na fractures.

Nchigharị of site ogige n'ime ahụ mmadụ

The kasị digestive gland na ahụ mmadụ - imeju - keere òkè bụ isi na mgbanwe Jeremaya mere, nke site-nwere ogige. Parathyroid hormone na vitamin D nwekwara-eme ka ndị a Filiks. The kwa ụbọchị chọrọ n'ihi na okenye mmewere bụ 1,0-2, 0 grams, maka ụmụaka na-eto eto - 2.5 Site n'ụdị mfe digestible salts nakwa okụre na-edozi na carbohydrates na ahụ mmadụ na-abịa site nri.

Ha jupụtara sunflower osisi, ugu, hemp. Na oriri sitere n'anụmanụ ukwuu site na ọkụkọ imeju, beef, ike cheese, azụ. Ngafe site na ahụ nwere ike ịrụpụta ọrịa reabsorbtsionnoy gbasara akụrụ ọrụ, n'ụzọ vitamin, calcium erughi nri. Na-ezighị ezi mmetụta nke site na ahụ mmadụ na-isi na-egosipụta na lesion nke obi usoro, akụrụ na ọkpụkpụ ngwa na ike na-egosi a oké njọ metabolic ọrịa.