The chemical Njirimara nke aldehydes: mmeghachi omume nke silver mirror

Aldehydes bụ ọtọ nkwekọrịta nke hydrocarbons, nke Ọdịdị e a otu CO (carbonyl otu). N'ihi na mfe aldehydes enweghị omenala echekwara (akụkọ ihe mere eme) aha, na-emepụta si aha carboxylic asịd, nke na-converted n'ime aldehydes site ọxịdashọn. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere IUPAC nomenclature, ihe ndabere maka na-ewere ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ yinye nwere aldehyde otu. Malite ọtụtụ hydrocarbon yinye emepụta si carbon atọm nke carbonyl otu (CO), nke ya onwe ya na-enweta a aha nọmba 1. Iji isi hydrocarbon yinye na-agbakwunyere na ọgwụgwụ nke "al". Ebe ọ bụ na aldegidogruppa emi odude ke yinye njedebe, onuogugu 1, na-adịkarị dee. Isomerism isomerism ugbu ogige bụ n'ihi na a hydrocarbon ọkpụkpụ.

The aldehydes nwetara na ọtụtụ ụzọ: oxo usoro, alkynes hydration, ọxịdashọn na dehydrogenation nke alcohols. Nkwadebe nke aldehydes si isi alcohols achọ pụrụ iche ọnọdụ, ebe ọ bụ na-ahụ site na organic ogige ngwa ngwa oxidized na carboxylic acid. Aldehydes nwekwara ike-synthesized site dehydrating kwekọrọ ekwekọ alcohols na ọnụnọ nke ọla kọpa. Otu ulo oru na usoro maka amị aldehydes bụ mmeghachi omume nke oxo njikọ, nke dabeere na mmeghachi omume nke ihe alkene, C0 na H2 n'iru nke akpali nwere Co, na okpomọkụ nke 200 degrees na a mgbali nke 20 MPa. Nke a mmeghachi omume ha retara na mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ na gas na-adọ dị ka atụmatụ: RCH = CH2 + C0 + H2 - RCH2CH2C0H + RCH (Kra) 3C0H. Aldehydes nwere ike na-akwadebe site hydrolysis digalogenoproizvodnyh hydrocarbons. N'oge nnọchi nke halogen atọm na OH iche iche nke etiti a kpụrụ na-akpọ heme-diol, nke bụ ejighị n'aka na a na-tọghatara na carboxylic compound na mkpochapu H20.

The chemical onwunwe nke aldehydes - a quality omume silver. N'oge ọxịdashọn na aldehydes na-ghọrọ ka carboxylic acid (e.g., S5N11SON + O - S5N11SOON). Na nke ọ bụla raara onwe ya nye akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nwere ike ịhụ ihe ọmụma banyere ihe ọlaọcha mirror mmeghachi omume na-eji maka njirimara nke aldehydes. Otu a nke organic ogige nwere ike oxidized bụghị naanị site n'oru nke pụrụ iche oxidizing mmadụ, ma, nanị mgbe nchekwa n'okpuru nduzi nke ikuku oxygen. The ala nke aldehydes oxidised ka carboxylic acid ekwe ịzụlite qualitative Jeremaya mere (silver mirror mmeghachi omume) na ndị a organic ogige, nke na-eme ka o kwe omume na ngwa ngwa na n'ụzọ doro anya mata ọnụnọ nke aldehyde na a nyere ngwọta.

Mgbe ewe iwe na-ammoniacal ngwọta nke silver oxide na acid aldehyde na-oxidized. Mgbe a na-ebelata ka dara ọlaọcha na na-edebe na tube mgbidi dị ka a gbara ọchịchịrị oyi akwa na a ji mara gloss - silver mirror mmeghachi omume. Ọ ga-kwuru na e nwere ọtụtụ bekee na-adịghị metụtara aldehydes, ma ha nwekwara ike abanye n'ime n'elu mmeghachi omume. Maka njirimara ndị a ogige mee bụ otu qualitative mmeghachi omume aldehydes - ọla kọpa mirror mmeghachi omume. Na mmeghachi omume nke aldehydes na Fehling reagent enwe a-acha anụnụ anụnụ na agba (otu okenye ihe ngwọta nke cupric hydroxide, ihe alkali na acid tartrate salts) nke divalent ọla kọpa na-ebelata ka monovalent. N'ihi ya dara red-aja aja ịkpali nke cuprous oxide.

Ya mere, otú ọ na-rụrụ mmeghachi omume nke silver mirror? Ọ ga-adị na ọ dịghị ihe dị mfe emesapụrụ zuru ezu na a ite ammoniacal ngwọta nke silver na ihe ọ bụla nke aldehydes (e.g., a glucose ngwọta ma ọ bụ formaldehyde) ma nke a na obibia na-bụghị mgbe niile kpuwere mmeri. Mgbe ụfọdụ, anyị na-ahụ guzobere a black nkwusioru nke silver na ngwọta, kama nke mirror mkpuchi na mgbidi nke glassware. Gịnị bụ isi ihe mere maka odida? N'ihi na 100% n'ihi na ọ dị mkpa iji rube isi na mmeghachi omume ọnọdụ, ma jiri nlezianya na-akwadebe iko n'elu.