Organic ogige ma ha nhazi ọkwa

The nhazi ọkwa dabeere na nchepụta nke organic ogige, na chemical Ọdịdị nke A. M. Butlerova. Ịhazi nhazi ọkwa - ntọala nke na nkà mmụta sayensị nomenclature. N'ihi ya, ọ ghọrọ ihe omume na-enye a aha onye ọ bụla nke mbụ mara na ọhụrụ organic okwu, iji dị bughi usoro.

Klas nke organic ogige

Organic bekee na-nkewa site isi ihe abụọ e ji mara: na orunótu na nọmba nke ọtọ iche iche na molekul na carbon skeletal Ọdịdị.

Carbon ọkpụkpụ na-anọchi anya a moiety na bụ ya zuru ezu anụ dị iche iche chemical Jeremaya mere. Organic ogige na-ekewa n'ime nnukwu iche iche, ha na-ewere n'ime akaụntụ molekụla Ọdịdị nke organic okwu.

Acyclic ogige (biosoedineniya ọdụdụ ma ọ bụ aliphatic compound). Ndị a organic ogige ke molekụla Ọdịdị gụnyere ogologo ma ọ bụ branched yinye carboxylic.

Carbocyclic compound - a umi na mechiri emechi carboxylic ígwè - cycles. Ndị a biosoedineniya ekewa iche iche: aromatic na alicyclic.

Heterocyclic eke organic ogige - bekee na Ọdịdị nke ụmụ irighiri nke nwere a mgbanaka kpụrụ nke carbon atọm na atọm nke ọzọ chemical ọcha (Oxygen, nitrogen, sọlfọ) heteroatoms.

Ogige nke n'ahịrị nke ọ bụla (otu) na-ekewa iche iche ọmụmụ nke organic ogige. Organic bekee nke a akpan akpan klas kpebisiri ike site ọnụnọ ya molekul ụfọdụ ọtọ iche iche. Ka ihe atụ, na klas nke hydrocarbons (naanị klas nke organic ogige nke na-enweghị ọtọ iche iche), amines, aldehydes, phenols, carboxylic asịd, ketones, alcohols, wdg

Iji chọpụta organic compound nke klas nọmba na emit carbon ọkpụkpụ ma ọ bụ a carboxylic yinye (acyclic connection), akaghị (carbocyclic compound) ma ọ bụ ntọala (heterocyclic ogige). Ekemende chọpụta edidu ke molekul nke organic okwu ọzọ atọm (ọtọ) dị iche iche, e.g., hydroxyl - OH, carboxyl - COOH, amino, imino, sulfgidridnoy otu - SH, wdg The ọtọ otu ma ọ bụ ìgwè dị iche iche kọwaa biosoedineniya nke a akpan akpan klas, ya isi anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara. Ọ ga-kwuru na onye ọ bụla ọtọ otu bụghị nanị na-egosipụta ndị a Njirimara, ma na-na-emetụta ndị ọzọ atọm ma ọ bụ atọm dị iche iche, n'otu oge ule na ha.

Site n'ọnọdụ na ụmụ irighiri nke acyclic na cyclic hydrocarbons ma ọ bụ heterocyclic ogige nwụrụ atọm on dị iche iche ọtọ iche iche kwadebere organic ogige nke dịịrị a ụfọdụ klas. Lee ụfọdụ ọtọ iche iche na-ekpebi otu nke ihe organic compound ka a akpan akpan klas: hydrocarbons RH, halogenated hydrocarbons - R-Hal, aldehydes - R-COH, ketones - R1-CO-R2, alcohols na phenols R-OH, carboxylic acid - R-COOH , ethers - R1-O-R2, galogenoangidridy carboxylic asịd R-COHal, esters R-COOR, Nitro - R-NO2, sulfonic -R-SO3H, organometallic ogige - R-Me, mercaptans R-SH.

Organic ogige enwe na ha molekụla Ọdịdị a ọtọ otu, kwuru na dị ka organic ogige na mfe ọrụ, abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa - ogige na mbuaha ọrụ. Ihe Nlereanya nke organic ogige na mfe ọrụ nwere ike hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, amines, carboxylic asịd, Nitro ogige, wdg Ihe Nlereanya nke ogige na mbuaha ọrụ nwere ike hydroxy, keto, wdg

Akpan akpan mkpa bụ mgbagwoju bioorganic ogige: ndi na-edozi, proteid, lipids, nucleic asịd, carbohydrates, na ụmụ irighiri ihe na nke a buru ibu ọtụtụ ndị dị iche iche ọtọ iche iche.