The chemical usoro nke glycerol. The bughi na molekụla usoro

The mfe polyhydric mmanya, ebe e nwere atọ OH iche iche, - glycerol. The usoro maka ogige nke a n'ozuzu ụdị, - CnH2n - 1 (OH) 3. Iji mma ịghọta Njirimara na ojiji nke glycerin na ya homologues, tụlee a dịgasị iche iche nke ogige nke formulas, ọ bụla nke na-eji na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.

Nhazi ọkwa na nomenclature nke glycerols

Na organic onwu alcohols - ndị bekee ewepụtara hydrocarbons. Part nke hydrogen atọm na molekul na-nnọchianya otu ma ọ bụ karịa hydroxy iche iche. Alcohols dị iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke OH otu (mono-, di-, polyhydric). The ala òtù nke klas na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke carbon atọm site 1 12 - mmiri mmiri bekee, elu - solids. Alkantrioly, ma ọ bụ glycerol - a trihydric alcohols nwere ya mejupụtara atọ hydroxyl metụtara atọ dị iche iche carbon atọm. Ogige nke otu a igosipụta amphoteric Njirimara, n'ihi na ibe mmetụta nke hydroxy iche iche na buu.

The mfe nnọchiteanya alkantriolov - 1,2,3-propanetriol (synonym - glycerin). Formula umi - C ₃ H ₈ O _3. Ịhazi nomenclature na-agụnye aha aha nke kwekọrọ ekwekọ alkane na okwu "triol", ojiji nke Arabic numerals, akọwapụta ọnọdụ nke OH otu. Ọnụ na ụmụ irighiri ịbụ homologs nke glycerol si kacha nso na njedebe nke yinye hydroxyl. Ekwe Omume ụdị isomeric Ọdịdị nke ahụ carbon yinye, ọnọdụ nke hydroxy iche iche ngwa anya.

Oghere nke glycerol

Swedish ọgwụ Karl Scheele na 1779 maka oge mbụ natara a ọhụrụ syrupy umi si saponification nke abụba. 33 afọ mgbe e mesịrị France M. Chevreul aha ya bụ na-atọ ụtọ mmiri mmiri glycerin.

The chemical mejupụtara nke Peluso ike na 1836. Ịrịba Ama onyinye ọmụmụ nke ihe owuwu mere Berthelot (1854) na Wurtz (1857), na-aga n'ihu na ichoputa glycerol. Molekụla usoro na buu ọdịdị nke kwere na-ebu glycerin amachi mmanya.

The mkpa glycerol amụbawo nke ukwu ebe ọ bụ na 1847, mgbe ọ na e meghere nitric Ester. Swedish engineer A. Nobel na 1875 jisiri site na iji glycerine explosives - dynamite.

The mejupụtara, Ọdịdị na elementrị glycerol usoro

Ndị mbụ mejupụtara okwu ndekọ na-ekwekọ n'àgwà ezi, na oké njọ ahụrụ anya usoro nke glycerol - C ₃ H ₈ O _3. The carbon yinye nwere atọ atọm, ọ bụla nke a na-ejikọta ya na a hydroxy otu. Chemical akara ịpụta bekee ẹdude atọm: C - carbon, O - oxygen, H - hydrogen. Mejupụtara glycerol egosipụta dị iche iche formulas (molekụla, bughi). Ọtụtụ-eji na-amụ ihe nke umi na sharosterzhnevye hemispherical ụkpụrụ. Two-akụkụ na atọ akụkụ owuwu kere site na kọmputa ịme ngosi uwe - a gbasara ohere onyinyo nke molekul nke glycerol. Ha na-ekwe ka ị na-anya nke uche Ọdịdị, ikwu na ọnọdụ na anya, nkekọ n'akuku n'etiti atọm.

Molekụla na ezengwenri uka nke glycerol

Site molekụla usoro pụrụ ịchọta na ezengwenri uka, pasent nke ọcha na bekee. Maka mgbawa mkpa na-eji ụkpụrụ nke atọm pụta ọcha depụtara na oge table. The ahụrụ anya usoro nke glycerol: C ₃ H ₅ (OH) _3. Site-amụba na-atọm ibu (na a. E. M.) Of onye ọ bụla mmewere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ atọm, sochiri mgbakwunye na nke ụkpụrụ omume enwetara ga-ahụ molekụla (Mr) na ezengwenri (M) nke uka. Maka ụdị mgbawa mfe iji glycerol oké usoro - C ₃ H ₈ O _3.

• Ar (H) = 1.00794; ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atọm na molekul - 8.
• Ar (C) = 12.0107; atọm - 3.
• Ar (G) = 15,9994; atọm - 3.
• Mr (C ₃ H ₈ O _{3) = 12.0107 3 + 1.00794} 8 + 15.9994 3 = 92.09382 nakwa. e. m.
• M (C ₃ H ₈ O ₃₎ = 92.09382 g / mol /
• Onu ọcha na bekee molekul: H - 8,756% S - 39,125% O - 52,119%.

The ò na bughi usoro nke glycerol

The mejupụtara nke okwu na ya molekụla egosipụta ò, oké usoro, ma ha na-adịghị na-egosi ndokwa nke atọm nke dị iche glycerol. The usoro na bughi kọmputa nlereanya mma ruru eru na-amụ Ọdịdị nke molekul, nkekọ dị n'etiti atọm.

• A ò usoro nke glycerol - C ₃ H ₅ (OH) _3. Site mejupụtara nke ụmụ irighiri mata na nchọ na parentheses ọtọ iche iche OH. Ozugbo mmechi parenthesis egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke hydroxyl iche iche na molekul.
• Polurazvernuty echiche ò usoro - HOCH ₂ Kra (OH) Kra ₂ OH (glycerol).
• Structural Formula graphically egosi na ọnọdụ nke molekul. Dashes n'etiti atọm na-anọchi anya chemical agbụ.
• Lewis Ọdịdị mejupụtara ntụpọ na-anọchite anya ndị valence electrons na di na nwunye na-ekere òkè na nkekọ guzobere.

Ụfọdụ ụmụ irighiri image ụdị ogide ọtụtụ ohere, mere mgbe eji abbreviated usoro, e.g., HOCH ₂ -CHOH-Kra ₂ OH, na skeletal Ọdịdị:

Ọnọdụ atọm na glyceryl molekul

Hydroxyl - pola urughuru, e wezụga oxygen nwere a nanị ụzọ electrons. Ọnụnọ nke atọ hydroxyl iche iche na-eduga ná n'ihu polarization nke O-H. Carbon atọm egosi ele mmadụ anya n'ihu-elekọta ọrụ "+" Ọrụ nucleophilic nnọchi nke hydroxyl. Peculiarities nke mejupụtara na Ọdịdị, nke na-egosipụta bughi usoro nke glycerin, na-egosi na Njirimara nke umi. Nke a compound e ji ọtụtụ hydrogen nkekọ - ọzọ na-adịghị ike mma. Glycerol nwere ihe akpọ acid Njirimara, dị ka tụnyere ethanol na propanol. Otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi na-akpata nchegbu nkwekọrịta nke glycerol trioleate. usoro:

• mfe - C ₅₇ H ₁₀₄ O _6;
• polurazvernutaya ò - (C ₁₇ H ₃₃ Igba) ₃ C ₃ H _5;
• ò ọcha na bughi na skeletal -

ọdịdị glycerol

Na ụlọ okpomọkụ, 1,2,3-propanetriol - colorless ma ọ bụ acha odo mmiri mmiri, odorless, ụtọ uto. Sikwuo ike na-agbaze na ala okpomọkụ glycerin na okpomọkụ 17,8 Celsius C. Esi umi sochiri evaporation-amalite mgbe 290 Celsius C. Glycerol ubé arọ karịa mmiri, ya njupụta ngụkọta oge na 20 ° C na-amịrị a uru nke 1,2604 g / cm3.

Njirimara nke 1,2,3-propanetriol

Chemical usoro nke glycerol adịghị enye ihe ọmụma banyere ọdịdị nke amphoteric compound. Na-adịghị ike acidic na isi Njirimara nke bekee metụtara mmetụta nke atụmatụ atọm na molekul, na polarization na otu G-H. Na ọnụnọ nke glycerol na-meghachi omume na alkali hydroxide, ọla kọpa (II), nwetara-acha anụnụ anụnụ acha mgbagwoju (onye nke qualitative Jeremaya mere). Na asịd nke glycerol mmeghachi omume-agwụ na guzobere esters. Na-emeghachi omume a trihydric mmanya na nitric acid n'iru H ₂ NKE ₄ (conc.) Eduba ná guzobe nitroglycerin.

N'ụlọ, si abụba na mmanụ iji glycerol, ethyl mmanya na ndị ọzọ Efrata dị njikere ncha. The nri usoro na-achọ ịkpachara anya uka kpo oku na a mmiri saa, a okike obibia nhọrọ nke mmiri na shapes maka ncha na-eme njikere ngwaahịa.

Glycerin na-eji ya emepụta na-eji enamels, ágbá, ọtụtụ ọgwụ, nlekọta. O nwere sweetener na a dịgasị iche iche nke ihe oriri, gụnyere butere ngwongwo. International aha nke sweetener na ekpomeekpo confections - E422. Tinyere ndị ọzọ alcohols, na ọdụdụ acid esters, glycerin a na-ewere dị ka a nwere nnọchi mmanụ ụgbọala ewepụtara mmanụ ala. -Eri-irè ụzọ nke na-eji ọhụrụ iche biodiesel na-eme ka ụgbọala ga-agbanwe ụwa iga oru. Mma na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ nke ụwa na aku na uba iji belata na nduzi na mmanụ na gas.