Qualitative Jeremaya mere

Nke a alaka nke sayensị ka gbasara nyocha onwu, na-amụ ihe ndị mejupụtara na Ọdịdị nke chemical bekee. Ọ na-eji maka ọmụmụ nke na-amaghị ama ogige ma ọ bụ mixtures. Qualitative analysis chọpụta ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ na enweghị ọcha ma ọ bụ radicals na chemical compound, na quantitative analysis na-agụnye mkpebi siri ike nke a chemical umi ke sample, i.e., ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmiri emejupụta ngwakọta. N'ihi na qualitative analysis nke eji ihe e ji mara ụfọdụ ọcha nke chemical Jeremaya mere na ndị mfe ịrụ. Qualitative ule ekwe chọpụtara nke na-atụ anya na mmetụta ma ọ bụ enweghị ha.

Gbasara nyocha onwu na-emepe emepe ọhụrụ na mma ụzọ nke analysis na ha bara uru ngwa, nakwa dị ka ọmụmụ nke usoro iwu ntọala nke gbasara nyocha Filiks. Ndị ọkà nke chemical, anụ ahụ na physico-chemical ụzọ nke analysis. Na obi nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ qualitative Jeremaya mere na-eji ịchọputa radicals, na ọcha nakwa ogige esịne ke mejupụtara nke n'omume. Na-amụ qualitative na quantitative mejupụtara na-eji:

• elemental analysis (kpebisiri ike site elemental mejupụtara);
• molekụla analysis (setịpụrụ Ọdịdị nke chemical ogige na molekụla larịị);
• bughi analysis (a ụdị molekụla analysis, ikpọ gbasara ohere Ọdịdị nke atọm na ụmụ irighiri ihe, ha molekụla ibu na ahụrụ anya usoro);
• ọtọ analysis (organic ogige na-amụ site ọtọ iche iche).

N'ihi ya, ọ nwere ike ghọtara ma inorganic na organic ogige. Na ọnụnọ nke kpọmkwem ihe nwere ike iyi ma ọ kwụsị coloration tọhapụrụ ma ọ bụ etisasịwo ịkpali hụrụ effervescence na ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụrụ na àgwà nke na mmeghachi omume na-họọrọ n'ụzọ ziri ezi, i.e. nhọrọ (nhọrọ) maka otu cation ma ọ bụ anion, nakwa dị ka ukwuu na-enwe mmetụta ọsọ ọsọ (i.e., fọrọ nchọpụta na-enye ohere obere ego), n'ihi ga-pụrụ ịdabere na N'ihi - ọgwụgwụ nke ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ na-anọghị na a sample cell ma ọ bụ umi . Ndabere nke a nnwale ndị okenye agbanwe agbanwe nke mara ionic qualitative mmeghachi omume.

N'ihi na inorganic ogige, ha na-erukwa na okenye agbanwe agbanwe, ma na ikpe nke alkali metal cations nchọpụta a rụrụ mgbe na-eme akọrọ salts na nkezi (ekpo ọkụ ugbu) akụkụ spirit oriọna ire ọkụ. The cations nke lithium (Li +) ga-agba bụ ire ọkụ na a gbara ọchịchịrị pink agba. potassium cations (K +) - a violet, sodium (Na +) - odo, rubidium (Rb +) - acha uhie uhie, cesium (CS +) - na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Qualitative mmeghachi omume cations nwere ike rụrụ maka barium salts: ọnụnọ nke barium cations (Ba2 +) na-setịpụrụ na-agbakwụnye reagent ka sulfate ion (SO42-), ebe ọ bụ na dapụtara barium sulfate precipitated acha ọcha na agba, nke na-adịghị igbari ke asịd: Ba2 + + SO42- → BaSO4 ↓. Ọnụnọ nke-edu ndú cation (Pb2 +) hụrụ mgbe ọ gụrụ okenye nnu ngwọta sulfide (S2-), dị ka a n'ihi nke-edu ndú sulfide na-guzobere, nke precipitates dị ka a nwa ịkpali: Pb2 + + S2- → PBS ↓. Ndị dị otú ahụ a maara nke ọma qualitative Jeremaya mere, ma cations na anions dị ọtụtụ, ha na-akọwara na gbasara nyocha Chemistry.

Mgbe ị na-ahọrọ a elu-edu omume ule sample, ọ bara uru mara izugbe iwu nke solubility nke chemical ogige:

1. All nitrati dị soluble.
2. Fọrọ nke nta niile potassium, sodium na ammonium salts bụ soluble.
3. All chlorides, bromides na iodides bụ soluble, ma e wezụga n'ihi silver halide, mercury (m) na Pb (II).
4. All soluble sulfates, ma e wezụga barium sulfate, strontium na-edu ndú (II), nke bụ unyi anaghị agbasa, na calcium sulfate na ọlaọcha, nke bụ moderately soluble.
5. All carbonates, sulfites na phosphates bụ unyi anaghị agbasa ma e wezụga carbonates, sulphites na potassium phosphates, sodium na ammonium.
6. All unyi anaghị agbasa na sulfides ma e wezụga sulfides nke alkali ọla, alkaline ụwa ọla na ammonium.
7. All unyi anaghị agbasa na hydroxides ma e wezụga n'ihi alkaline metal hydroxides. Strontium hydroxide, calcium na barium bụ ufat soluble.

Ndị dị otú ahụ organic bekee ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka alkanes (paraffin hydrocarbons) ma ọ bụ alkenes (unsaturated hydrocarbons) nwere ike achọpụtara eji a ngwọta nke potassium permanganate, nke na nke mbụ ahụ ga-agbanwe agbanwe ya na agba ka paraffinic hydrocarbons na permanganate adighi-eme na oyi na-atụ. Nke abụọ ahụ, ihe ngwọta na-aghọ colorless ruru ka leakage Wagner mmeghachi omume (e.g., ethylene): 2KMnO4 + 3C2H4 + 4H2O - → 2KOH + 3CH2OH-CH2OH + 2MnO2 ↓. N'ihi ya, tụlee nke manganese dioxide ịkpali enwe a brownish agba. Ndi na-edozi na-mgbagwoju organic ogige na-enye dị mkpa na ọrụ nke ọ bụla dị ndụ organism. Ha nnukwu set, na definition nke a oké bara uru. qualitative Jeremaya mere ka ndi na-edozi na-eji maka ndị a na nzube, ha na-ekewa n'ime agba na aha. Na enyemaka ha, ọ na-adịghị kpebisie ike site na ndi na-edozi onwe ha, na amino asịd dị na ha.