Mmiri nke Polyhydric: àgwà, mmepụta na ojiji

Alcohols bụ ihe mgbakwasị ụkwụ nke hydrocarbons, nke mkpụrụ ndụ nke otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ hydrogen na-anọchite anya carbon atom zuru ezu dochie anya otu hydroxy otu - OH. E gosipụtara na egosiputa hydroxyl na ngwongwo mmanya na-aba n'anya apụghị ịba ụba nke mkpụrụ carbon hydrocarbon. Dabere na ọdịdị nke radikal, acyclic (usoro aliphatic) na ndị na-emepụta cyclic bụ ndị a ma ama; Site na nọmba nke hydroxyl iche iche - otu, mmadụ abụọ, ugboro atọ na polyhydric alcohols; Site n 'uju - juputara ma ghara idozi ya; Ebe nke ịchọta mpaghara nke hydroxyl nke dị na chain hydrocarbon - isi, secondary na tertiary alcohols.

Mkpụrụ mmiri polyhydric bụ ihe mgbapụta nke alkane, nke ndị dị iche iche hydroxy dị iche iche na - anọchi anya mkpụrụ nke ihe karịrị atọ hydrogen - OH. Maka polyhydric alcohols dị ka ihe mgbakwasị nke monosaccharides, isomerism opio na isomerism nke ọnọdụ na carbon hydrocarbon nke òtù OH bụ àgwà. A na-ejikọta isomerism anya na ike nke ụfọdụ ìgwè organic dị na ngwọta iji gosipụta ọrụ anya. A na-eji arụ ọrụ anya nke ihe dị iche iche kpebisie ike site na polarimeter.

Qualitative mmeghachi omume na polyols

The kasị mmeghachi omume qualitative polyols bụ ha na mmekọrịta ya na ọla kọpa hydroxide. N'oge mmeghachi omume ahụ, hydroxide na-agbaze, si otú ahụ na-akpụ akpụ nke chelate nke agba odo odo.

Polyhydric alcohols: ndị nnọchiteanya kachasị

A na-akpọ alcool C4H6 (OH) 4 tetrites, pyatomic C5H7 (OH) 5 -penthe, hexahydrates nke C6H8 (OH) 6 hexahydric alcohols. N'akụkụ nke ọ bụla, mmanya dị iche iche dị iche iche, nke nwere aha ihe mere eme: erythritol, arabite, sorbitol, xylitol, dulcite, manite, wdg.

Nkwadebe nke polyhydric alcohols

A na-emepụta ihe ọṅụṅụ ndị a site na Mbelata monosaccharides, odidi nke aldehydes na formaldehyde na usoro alkaline. A na - enwetakarị ihe ọṅụṅụ mmiri polyhydric sitere na ihe ndị dị ndụ. A na-amị mkpụrụ ụfọdụ site na mkpụrụ osisi ash.

Mmiri mmanya polyhydric bụ ogige ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na mmiri. The Iye na UV spektra nwere absorption ìgwè typical OH iche iche nke monohydric alcohols. Chemical Njirimara nke alcohols n'ihi ọnụnọ nke OH iche iche. Na mmeghachi omume nke ndị a ogige na alkaline ụwa ọla kpụrụ alcoholates - saccharate. N'iji oxydation nke hydroxyl, bụ nke a na-emepụta na nso carbon atom mbụ (C1), a na-emepụta monosaccharides.

Polyhydric alcohols: ndị nnọchiteanya kachasị

Erythritol HOCH2 (CHOH) 2CH2OH - ihe na-egbuke egbuke, gbazere na 121.5 Celsius C. A na-achọta mmanya a na lichens na mosses. Enwere ike inweta Erythritol site n'ibelata 1,3-butadiene na erythrose. A na-eji mmanya a mee ihe n'igbu ihe mgbawa, ihe nkedo na-ehicha ngwa ngwa, emulsifiers.

Xylitol HOCH2 (CHOH) 3CHON - kristal dị ụtọ, nke a sụgharịrị na mmiri, gbazee na okpomọkụ nke ogo 61,5. A na-eme ka mmanya a dịkwuo mma site n'ibelata xylose. A na-eji Xylitol mee ihe na ụlọ ọrụ nri maka ịmepụta nri maka ndị ọrịa mamịrị, nakwa maka mmepụta nke resins alkyd, ihicha mmanụ na surfactants.

Pentaerythritol C (CH2OH) 4 bụ ihe siri ike nke edozighị na mmiri. Achọpụtara site na ịza formaldehyde na acetaldehyde na ọnụnọ Ca (OH) 2. A na-eji ya emepụta polyesters, alkyd resins, tetrapentaerythritol, surfactants, plasticizers maka mmepụta nke polyvinyl chloride, mmanụ sịntet. Ọ na-egosi akụrụngwa akụrụngwa.

Manitol НОСН2 (Union) 4СН2О - ụtọ uto nke ihe, melts na okpomọkụ nke 165 degrees. Nwere na mosses, mushrooms, algae, osisi dị elu. Ejiri dị ka diuretic na dịka akụkụ nke ihe ịchọ mma (ointments).

D-sorbitol HOCH2 (CHOH) 4CH2OH - agbaze na ogo nke ogo 96. Mmiri a bara ọgaranya na mkpụrụ osisi ash. A na - emepụta Sorbitol site na Mbelata glucose. Mmiri a bụ ngwaahịa dị n'etiti njikọ nke vitamin C, nwere mmetụta diuretic, a na-eji ya mee ihe maka sucrose maka ndị ọrịa mamịrị.