The elu-nwuda nke Earth: mejupụtara, okpomọkụ, na-akpali eziokwu

The uwe-nwuda nke Earth - akụkụ nke geosphere, emi odude n'etiti jikọrọ ọnụ na isi. Ọ bụ a nnukwu nkezi nke niile umi nke mbara ala. The ọmụmụ nke uwe-nwuda-abụghị nanị ihe dị mkpa na okwu nke na-aghọta esịtidem Ọdịdị nke ahụ Earth. Ọ nwere ike na a ghọtakwuo guzobe nke mbara ala, na-enye ohere obere umu na ogige, aka ịghọta usoro nke ala ọma jijiji na ije nke lithospheric efere. Otú ọ dị, ihe ọmụma banyere ihe ndị mejupụtara na e ji mara nke uwe-nwuda adịghị mfe. Akuakuzinwo miri emi ka dị ogologo dị ka ndị mmadụ na-amaghị otú. The uwe-nwuda nke Earth na-now na-akasị na-amụ iji seismic ebili mmiri. Ọzọkwa site ịme anwansị na laabu.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ Earth: uwe-nwuda, isi ma na jikọrọ ọnụ

Dị ka oge a echiche, n'ime ihe owuwu nke mbara ala anyị na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ n'ígwé. Top - a ogbugbo, mgbe dina mantle na isi nke Earth. Bark - a siri ike shei, nke bụ divisible site Oceanic na continental. Nwuda-Earth iche ya site na-akpọ ókè Mohorovicic (aha ya bụ Croatian seismology, nke ike ya na ọnọdụ), nke e ji ihe mberede abawanye na longitudinal ike ọsọ nke seismic ebili mmiri.

The uwe bụ banyere 67% nke mbara ala uka. Dị ka na-adịbeghị anya data, ọ nwere ike kewara abụọ n'ígwé: elu na ala. The mbụ oyi akwa a dịpụrụ adịpụ dị ka Golicyna ma ọ bụ nke abụọ uwe, nke bụ mgbanwe mpaghara si n'elu na ala. Ke ofụri ofụri, ákwà mgbokwasị gbatịrị si 30 ka 2900 km omimi.

The isi nke mbara ala, na ngosi nke dịkọrọ ndụ ọkà mmụta, mejupụtara isi nke ígwè-nickel alloys. Ọ na-kewara abụọ n'akụkụ. The n'ime isi - a siri ike, ya na okirikiri na-eme atụmatụ na 1,300 km. Mpụga - mmiri mmiri nwere a dịpụrụ adịpụ ruo nke 2200 km. N'etiti ndị a akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mgbanwe mpaghara a dịpụrụ adịpụ.

lithosphere

The jikọrọ ọnụ na elu-nwuda nke Earth jikọtara "lithosphere" echiche. Nke a siri ike shei, nke nwere a mụ na n'èzí ebe. The ike shei nke mbara ala mejupụtara tectonic efere, nke na-azọrọ na-akpali asthenosphere - nnọọ plastic oyi akwa nwere ike ịbụ viscous na ukwuu kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ mmiri mmiri. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke elu ákwà mgbokwasị. Ọ ga-kwuru na ịdị adị nke asthenosphere dị ka a na-aga n'ihu viscous shei akwadoghi seismological ọmụmụ. The ọmụmụ nke mbara ụwa Ọdịdị na-eme ka o kwe omume ka igbunye ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a n'ígwé na-enịm ekwesị. Na kehoraizin ntụziaka nke asthenosphere, o doro anya, ọ bụ mgbe niile etre.

Ụzọ nke na-amụ mantle

The n'ígwé na-edina n'okpuru cortex, bụ keerughi na-amụ. The nnukwu omimi, a mgbe nile na-abawanye na okpomọkụ na-abawanye na njupụta bụ ezigbo nsogbu maka ihe ọmụma banyere ihe ndị mejupụtara nke uwe-nwuda na isi. Otú ọ dị, ugbu Ọdịdị nke mbara ala bụ ka o kwere omume. Mgbe na-amụ isi isi nweta ihe ọmụma na-nwuda-Geophysical data. The ike ọsọ nke Mgbasa nke seismic mmiri na ebili mmiri, karịsịa eletriki conductivity na ike ndọda ekwe ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eme ka echiche banyere ihe ndị mejupụtara na ndị ọzọ e ji mara nke na-apụtaghị ìhè n'ígwé.

Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ozi nwere ike enwetara site na igneous nkume na nkume iberibe ákwà mgbokwasị. Nke ikpeazụ na-agụnye diamonds na nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-agwa ọbụna banyere ala uwe-nwuda. Nwuda nkume dị na ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ. Ha na-amụ na-enyere aka ịghọta ihe ndị mejupụtara nke ákwà mgbokwasị. Otú ọ dị, ha nwere ike dochie samples nwetara kpọmkwem site miri n'ígwé dị ka a n'ihi nke dị iche iche Filiks aa na ogbugbo, ha mejupụtara si dị iche na ákwà mgbokwasị.

The uwe-nwuda nke Earth: mejupụtara

Ọzọ isi iyi nke ihe ọmụma banyere ihe bụ a uwe-nwuda - meteorites. Dị ka oge a echiche, chondrites (kasị nkịtị n'ụwa ìgwè nke meteorites) na mejupụtara yiri Ụwa ákwà mgbokwasị. Ọ na-eche na ọ nwere ihe ndị na-na a siri ike kwuo ma ọ bụ gụnyere ke siri ike compound na usoro nke na planet guzobere. sịlịkọn na-emeso ha, ígwè, magnesium, oxygen, na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ. The uwe ha na ijikọta na silica na-etolite silicates. Na elu oyi akwa na-emi odude magnesium silicates, na omimi amụba ego nke ígwè silicate. The ala uwe-nwuda decomposition nke ndị a ogige na ihe oxide (SiO _2, MgO, FeO).

Nke otu mmasị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na udiri anumanu na-adịghị dị na ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ. Ọ na-atụ anya na ndị dị otú ogige ke uwe-nwuda (grospydites, Carbonatites wdg) a otutu.

iche iche

Ka anyị biri na ogologo nke n'ígwé nke uwe-nwuda. Dị ka nkwenkwe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, na n'elu nke na-esetịpụ a nso nke banyere 30 400 km si ụwa elu. Next bụ mgbanwe mpaghara, nke na-aga azụ ọzọ 250 km. Next oyi akwa - na ala. Ókè ya emi odude ke a omimi nke banyere 2.900 km na bụ na kọntaktị na elu isi nke mbara ala.

Nsogbu na okpomọkụ

Na ọganihu miri n'ime planet, okpomọkụ adahade. Nwuda-Earth bụ n'okpuru oké elu nsogbu. Na astenosphere nnọọ mmetụta nke okpomọkụ mpaghara, ya mere ebe a na umi bụ na a na-akpọ amorphous ma ọ bụ ọkara a wụrụ awụ ala. Miri nrụgide ọ na-aghọ ihe siri ike.

Research na uwe-nwuda Moho

Ụwa mantle anọgidewokwa na-anyụ site na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na n'ihi na ezi a ogologo oge. Na laboratories nke nkume, presumably òtù nke elu na nke ala n'ígwé na-rụrụ nwere ịghọta ihe ndị mejupụtara na e ji mara nke ákwà mgbokwasị. Dị ka ihe atụ, Japanese ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtala na ala oyi akwa nwere nnukwu ego nke sịlịkọn. The top mantle ndokwa mmiri onunu. Ọ na-abịa site na ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ, na penetrated na n'elu ebe a.

Nke otu mmasị bụ Moho, ọdịdị nke nke bụ anya ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ. Seismological research na-egosi na 410 kilomita n'okpuru elu mgbanwe ewe ebe metamorphic nkume (ha na-aghọ ihe na ok), nke na-egosipụta na nkọ na-abawanye na-agba nke na-efegharị efegharị ịnọgide. Ọ na-chere na basaltic nkume nso Moho ghọọ eclogite. N'ihi ya, ọ na-abawanye na uwe-nwuda njupụta site banyere 30%. E nwere ihe ọzọ version, dị ka nke mere maka mgbanwe nke ike ọsọ nke seismic ebili mmiri dị na-agbanwe agbanwe na mejupụtara nke nkume.

chikyū

Na 2005, a n'ụzọ pụrụ iche na ship Chikyu e wuru na Japan. Ya ozi - mee ndekọ-miri emi na ala nke Pacific Ocean. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụ aro na-samples nke nkume nke elu uwe na Moho, na azịza nye ọtụtụ ajụjụ ndị metụtara Ọdịdị nke ahụ planet. Ngo na ndokwa maka 2020.

Ọ ga-kwuru na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-dị nnọọ tụgharịa ha ntị kpọmkwem Oceanic ịnweta ego. Dị ka ọmụmụ, na ọkpụrụkpụ nke cortex on n'ala oké osimiri ahụ bụ ihe na-erughị na kọntinent. Ihe dị iche bụ ịrịba: ọ dị mkpa iji merie n'okpuru mmiri kọlụm na oké osimiri na magma na họrọ ebe naanị 5 km pụọ, mgbe na ala, nke a na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-abawanye na 30 km.

Ugbu a ụgbọ mmiri na-ama na-arụ ọrụ: Samples nke miri emi coal seams. Mmejuputa iwu-nke isi ihe nke oru ngo ga-ekwe ka aka ịghọta otú Ụwa mantle, nke bekee na ọcha mejupụtara a mgbanwe mpaghara, nakwa dị ka chọpụta ala ịgba nke mgbasa nke ndụ na mbara ala.

Nghọta anyị nke Ọdịdị nke ahụ Earth ka bụ nnọọ si zuru ezu. Ihe kpatara - ike nke penetration n'ime ogbu. Otú ọ dị, na nkà na ụzụ na-enwe ọganihu na-adịghị eguzo otu ebe. Scientific rụzuru na-egosi na n'ọdịnihu dị nso, anyị ga-maara banyere àgwà nke uwe-nwuda ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ.