The History Of telifon: ntoputa na mmepe

Telephony akụkọ bụ na-akpali na akụkụ nke mepụtara nke dị iche iche na ngwaọrụ, na usoro nke nkebi nke mkpughe nkwurịta okwu na netwọk nke iche iche na ụdị na gburugburu ụwa. Na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Ọnọdụ nke mgbasa nke kwesịrị ekwesị technology yiri amamihe, na ndị ọzọ e ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na mmepe nke a edo. Gịnị bụ ihe ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama banyere zuru ụwa ọnụ Telecommunication ụlọ ọrụ?

Ònye mepụtakwara ekwentị?

Kemgbe ụwa, ihe mere eme nke si malite ekwentị jikọọ na aha Aleksandra Bella, a Scottish-mụrụ American nchepụta. N'ezie, ndị a ma ama na-eme nchọpụta were a kpọmkwem akụkụ ke mmepe nke revolutionary ngwaọrụ ebute ụda n'ebe dị anya. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe na-eme ka ekwentị a oké mkpa ọrụ a na-egwuri ndị ọzọ na-emepụta. Ka ihe atụ, Iogann Filipp Reis, a ma ama German mmewe, a nzukọ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke Physics obodo, ekenịmde ke 1861, kọrọ, o kere prototype nke electric ngwaọrụ ebunye ụda n'ebe dị anya. Ọ bụ aha nke mepụtara - "ekwentị", maara anyị taa. Reis dịkọrọ ndụ, ọ dị, ngwaọrụ e na-enweghị kwesịrị ekwesị ịnụ ọkụ n'obi. Ma, ọ bụ otu eziokwu dị mkpa, nke nwere a akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na ekwentị gị.

Mgbe afọ 15 gasịrị, abụọ American na-eme nnyocha, Elisha Gray na Aleksandr Bell, n'adabereghị, chọpụtara na mmetụta nke telephony. Ma ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ịmara, n'otu ụbọchị, ya bụ 14 February 1876, gbara akwụkwọ ngwa ka patent ya chọpụtara. Na nke a na nke ugbu a usoro, nke a ga-chịkọtara telephony, ha ma e mepụtara. Eleghị anya, Bell maka banyere 2 awa n'ihu Gray na itinye, na ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-akpakọrịta na a ọnọdụ site na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ihe mere eme nke ekwentị taa jikọtara aha onye American nchepụta.

Biakwa obibia nke mbụ ekwentị

Aleksandr Bell biri na Boston na-arụ ọrụ na ndị mmadụ na-enwe nsogbu na-anụ na-ekwu okwu. Na 1873 ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ nke physiology na Boston University. Site na ọdịdị nke ihe ya na-eme, ọ bụ eleghị anya, otu ọkachamara na ubi nke acoustics na nwere magburu onwe-anụ.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mbụ ekwentị kere Aleksandrom Bellom, jikọọ, si otú na ọrụ ya. Otu n'ime ihe ndị dị ịrịba ama eziokwu banyere mepụtara ngwaọrụ - otu mmetụta telephony ahụrụ site na-eme nchọpụta na kpọmkwem aka nke ya nnyemaaka. Ka ihe atụ, ndị ọkachamara na-arụ ọrụ na Bell, ozugbo wetara nke a efere nke mgbasa ngwaọrụ, nke, dị ka o yiri Bella na-eme a rattling. Dị ka ọ tụgharịa si na-eme nchọpụta, nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na mmewere arụ oge mmechi nke eletriki na kọntaktị.

Na ndabere nke achọpụtara mmetụta nke Aleksandr Bell kere ekwentị. Ọ e guzobere bụ nnọọ mfe: akpụkpọ nke anụ ahụ, n'ụzọ na egosi mmewere ntọt olu. The ngwaọrụ nwere ike ebunye naanị olu nke olu, ma o yiri, bụ iji patent ngwaọrụ - kwesịrị ekwesị akwụkwọ, retaining chepụtara nke mepụtara, Bell natara March 10, 1876.

History bụkwa na-akpali igwe na na okwu nke ha azụmahịa nrigbu. A ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị nchepụta nke gbanwetụrụ ekwentị ka ọ pụrụ ibufe n'ụzọ doro anya audible iche iche okwu. Mgbe e mesịrị, Aleksandr Bell gosipụtara ngwaọrụ azụmahịa obodo. The unit mere ihe ịrịba echiche na ndị azụmahịa. American nchepụta anya aha ya ụlọ ọrụ, nke e mechara ghọrọ ọgaranya.

The mbụ ekwentị akara

Ekwentị omume akụkọ ihe mere eme, anyị maara na ugbu a. Ma Bell mepụtara were mgbọrọgwụ ná ndụ kwa ụbọchị? Na 1877 - na Boston - mbụ ekwentị akara na oru, na na 1878, na New Haven - ekwentị mgbanwe. N'otu afọ ọzọ ma ama American mmewe, Thomas Edison, kere a ọhụrụ nlereanya nke ngwaọrụ maka olu na anya. Na ya Ọdịdị itinye n'ọkwa eriri igwe bụ ugbu, nke budata dịkwuo àgwà nke nkwurịta okwu, nakwa dị ka dịkwuo anya nke ụda nnyefe.

The onyinye nke echepụta si Russia

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ekwentị na-ejikọrọ na aha nke Russian na-emepụta. Na 1885 Pavel Mihaylovich Golubitsky nchepụta si Russia mepụtara a fundamentally ọhụrụ atụmatụ nke ekwentị mgbanwe, na nke ike e nyere na ngwa si n'èzí - si a Central iyi. Tupu nke a, ọ bụla na ekwentị na-kwadoro site na ya AC ike tinyekwa. Echiche a kwere ka ike a ojii na-eje ozi a nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị debanyere aha - iri puku kwuru iri puku. Na 1895, Russian nchepụta Mikhail Filippovich Freudenberg chụọrọ ụwa echiche nke mgbanwe, nke pụtara akpaka njikọ nke onye ụtụ magazin ọzọ. First eme PBX ẹkenam na United States na obodo nke Augusta.

Development nke nkwurịta okwu e Russia

Akụkọ nke ekwentị na Russia na-ejikọrọ na-ewu ụlọ nke edoghi maka nnyefe nke nkwurịta okwu n'etiti St. Petersburg na Malaya Vishera. The mbụ mkparịta ụka n'etiti Russian debanyere aha site wee sị ọwa ama ada itie ke 1879, ie, mgbe nanị afọ 3 ebe ọ bụ na mepụtara nke na telifon. Mgbe e mesịrị, otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-abụghị nkwurịta okwu e jikotara marina St. George, emi odude ke Nizhny Novgorod, na ulo nke na-edu ndú nke Steamship Company "brigeedi". akara ogologo-ya banyere 1547 m.

Ịgachi obodo telifon mgbanwe - na St. Petersburg, Moscow, na Odessa - malitere na-arụ ọrụ ebe ọ bụ na 1882. Na 1898, e nwere a dị anya akara, ejikọta Moscow na St. Petersburg. History of igwe na Russia nwere mmasị na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ebe na-eje ozi na-ekwurịta okwu nke ọwa n'etiti Moscow na St. Petersburg, na e nwere ndị ka na-arụ ọrụ. Ọ bụ dị na-egbu anụ Street na isi obodo nke Russia.

Ijeụkwụ nke mmepe nke telephones na Russian Alaeze Ukwu nnọọ ezigbo - ya mere, ihe atụ, na 1916 100 Moscow bi nwere nkezi nke 3.7 ekwentị. Na 1935, ama ke Soviet Union, ndị niile telephones Moscow site Metro ojii. Ebe ọ bụ na 1953, ụlọ nile, na-etinye n'ime ọrụ na isi obodo nke Soviet Union, na-emeghị nwere a ekwentị ụdọ.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ na-adọrọ mmasị na ekwentị. Ọ bụ mgbe na-akpali mmasị na-amụ ya na zuru ezu. Mụta otú e wired telephones, tụlee ihe ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama eziokwu banyere mmepe nke mobile ngwaọrụ, nke dị ugbu a ọ na-erughị na ina karịa omenala ndị.

Didie ke mobile phones

The mbụ e dere na mkparịta ụka na ekwentị site na a ọwa redio, a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke isi e ji mara mkpa ụkpụrụ nke nzukọ nke oge a cellular nkwukọrịta, ẹkenịmde ke 1950 ke Sweden. Sture Laugen mmewe, na wheel nke Televerket, ọma fon ezi ozi oge niile via nwoke ngwaọrụ ụdị. Site na oge Sture Lauren nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ na Televerket, aku na mmepe nke a na ngwaọrụ. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ekwentị mkpanaaka na-ejikọrọ na aha nke Ragnar Berglund, Laura ọrụ ibe.

Ihe mgbaru ọsọ - uka ahịa

Site na oge nke ọrụ nke Laurenne oku, nke anyị kwuru n'elu, na redio ekwentị, dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ, ọ na-ama na e ji, ma, ọ bụ nanị dị ka pụrụ iche ọrụ na agha owuwu. Televerket ụlọ ọrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ - ike a na ngwaọrụ na-dị ka ọ bụla nwa amaala.

Mass-ahịa Swedish development napụrụ na 1956. Na mbụ, ọ na-arụ ọrụ naanị na obodo abụọ - Stockholm na Gothenburg. N'oge 1956 ọ jikọọ dị nnọọ 26 debanyere aha, nke bụ bụghị ihe ijuanya n'ihi na elu expensiveness "mobile ekwentị", uru nke yiri na price nke ụgbọ ala.

Mmepe nke mobile nkwurịta okwu

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mobile phones of a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atụmatụ na-enye Ọnọdụ nke mgbasa nke telephony. Ọ bụrụ na, n'ihi na ihe atụ, mgbe nanị 3 afọ igwe kere na ụkpụrụ nke Aleksandra Bella, ifịk ifịk utom ke Russia, n'ihi na ezi oge ụfọdụ, mobile phones ji oke ina.

Naanị na 1969, ndị ndú ụwa nke telekomunikashions ahịa malitere iche banyere ihe ga-adị mma n'ụzọ ụfọdụ jikota nwoke nkwurịta okwu na usoro. Dị ka ihe atụ, e chere na onye ọ bụla ụtụ magazin - yiri ofu phones nwe - ga inwe ya ọnụ, na ụbọchị, ọ bụghị naanị na mba ebe ọ na-agbala, kamakwa ná mba ọzọ. N'ihi ya, anyị nwere ike ikwu na ihe mere eme nke na ekwentị mkpanaaka bụ n'ezie site ná mmalite na-egosipụta mmasị nke engineering obodo mmejuputa agagharị echiche.

Na otu n'ime ndị mbụ echepụta gwa Abigel bara mmejuputa iwu nke technology, nke kpụrụ mkpa arịrịọ - a gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Stockholm na ụzụ School Estaing Myakitolo. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe e kere eke nke a mobile ekwentị dị ka anyị si mara ya na-na jikọọ na aha ya. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ihe bara uru, mmejuputa iwu nke echiche Myakitolo chọrọ nnọọ ike technology. Ha pụtara naanị ná mmalite 80.

The mbụ cellular netwọk

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke cell phones agụnye a ịrịba ama eziokwu: akpa, Saudi Arabia ghọrọ mba ebe cellular netwọk e mepụtara. Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka ụlọ ọrụ Ericsson, ifịk ifịk-ekere òkè na ihe bara uru, mmejuputa iwu nke echiche chọrọ Myakitolo, na 1981 aka a nkwekọrịta maka ọkọnọ nke mkpa ọrụ. The netwọk, nke na oru na Saudi Arabia, e ji mara isi criterion - uka. Nke nta nke nta cellular ụkpụrụ mma, netwọk malitere ịrụ ọrụ ná mba ndị ọzọ.

Development nke nkịtị ụkpụrụ

Ka mobile ahịa ibu nwere e itiwapụ a mkpa ka ọ na nkịtị ụkpụrụ maka ndokwa nke metụtara ọrụ. Na Saudi Arabia, Scandinavia, na Benelux aghọwo a na-ewu ewu echiche nke NMT na Germany aka C-Netz usoro ke UK, France na Italy na-emejuputa atumatu ha echiche.

Biakwa obibia nke GSM

Iwekota na European mobile ohere, GSM ọkọlọtọ e kere. Ọ nwere ike na-ekwu, ka etinye obi gị dum na-kasị mma nke ndị ọzọ "mba" echiche, ya mere, na-adịghị ahụ na-enweghị ike, ma e kuchiri site a European technology obodo na 1986. Ma akpa GSM-netwọk ẹkenam naanị na 1990 na Finland. Mgbe e mesịrị, a ọkọlọtọ aghọwo isi soplaya maka Russian cellular nkwukọrịta.

The History Of telifon - ma ot na cellular - bụ incredibly-akpali akpali. Ma, ọ bụ na-akpali otú teknụzụ ịzụlite. Ka anyị na-amụ otú iji melite cellular akara.

Mmepe nke cellular ahịa

Ke akpa isua mgbe iwebata GSM-ụkpụrụ maka n'ji eji omume mkpa ọrụ ha dị nnọọ oké ọnụ. Ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na ngwaọrụ dị mkpa maka ọrụ na mobile netwọk, dara na ghọrọ n'ezie oke. Telifon na-mma, na-ebelata na size. Na 1996, Nokia ẹkenam, n'ezie, otu n'ime ndị mbụ smart ekwentị - a ngwaọrụ site na nke i nwere ike izipu e-mail, faxes, jiri Internet. N'otu afọ enwere a akwụkwọ nke ghọọ kpara StarTac si Motorola.

Smartphones na mobile Internet

Na 1997, Philips ulo oru ebua ekwentị na a nnọọ nnukwu oke nke ndụ batrị - banyere 350 awa. Na 1998 ọ pụtara mobile ngwaọrụ Sharp PMC-1 Smartphone, nwere a ihuenyo mmetụ. Ọ na-atụ anya na ya ga-a kpọmkwem osompi na n'elu gadget si Nokia. Na 1999, mobile rụọ malitere ịme WAP technology ga-ikwado debanyere aha nweta mobile Internet. Na 2000, e nwere a ọkọlọtọ GPRS na UMTS - otu n'ime ndị isi na-eji na ije maka 3G-netwọk.

Na 2009, ndị Swedish ụlọ ọrụ TeliaSonera ka ulo oru ụwa mbụ 4G netwọk ọkọlọtọ. Ọ na-atụle ihe ndị kasị oge a na a na-akwalite rụọ gburugburu ụwa.

phones atụmanya

Gịnị bụ nzọụkwụ ọzọ na mmepe nke mobile ụlọ ọrụ? mobile ekwentị akụkọ ihe mere eme na-egosi na irè itunanya ngwọta nwere ike ime n'oge ọ bụla. O nwere ike iyi na 4G ọkọlọtọ - nke a bụ ịgba nke nkà na ụzụ atụmatụ. Ọ ga-adị na nyefe data na a ọnụego nke iri puku kwuru iri megabits, oké oku àgwà - nke nwere ike ịbụ na a elu?

Otú ọ dị, ndị na-eduga nnyocha laboratories na ụwa anọgide na-arụ ọrụ ifịk ifịk na ubi nke mma nke mobile technology. Ikekwe na n'ọdịnihu dị nso na-aka nke onye ọ bụla chọrọ ụtụ magazin ga-adị ka na-akpali akpali maka oge a na-obibi igwe, otú ndị ekwentị Bella na afọ 70 nke narị afọ nke 19, ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ nke oku na-aga si ụgbọ ala na obodo nọmba Sture Lauren. Na mgbe a mgbe ọ ga-enwe anya. Ya mere nke a incredibly ike tech ụlọ ọrụ.