The Moscow Helsinki Group - a ruuru mmadụ esop. Lyudmila Alexeyeva - onyeisi oche nke Moscow Helsinki Group

Dị ka ị maara, kere 05/12/1976 Moscow Helsinki Group - nzukọ raara nye nlekota nnabata ya na-atọ nke Helsinki nkwekọrịta nwere akwalite ọdịmma ndị mmadụ n'isiokwu a. Ha na-agụnye ihe oriri na isi ruuru mmadụ, idebe nke ndị òtù nke ndị ruuru mmadụ ije na Soviet Union na-ekwu maka ọtụtụ iri afọ. Na e kere eke nke otu a mara ọkwa na a pịa ogbako na ụlọ nke Soviet physics Andreya Saharova.

History nke e kere eke

The Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG) na ihu nke Yuri Orlov, nchoputa na mbụ onyeisi oche, ọkọnọ ya ebumnobi dị ka ndị a. The nzukọ ga-nyochaa nnabata ya na Helsinki Declaration nke USSR na-agwa niile States nke bịanyere aka akwụkwọ a, ọnụ na Soviet Union, banyere ihe ọ bụla imebi.

Ke adianade Yuriya Orlova, ìgwè gụnyere Alexander Ginzburg, Lyudmila Alexeyeva, Natan Sharansky, Vitaly Rubin, Malva Landa, Alexander Korczak, Elena Bonner, Anatoly Marchenko, Mikhail Bernshtam Peter Grigorenko.

amanye bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado

The Helsinki kwekọrọ tọrọ ntọala maka a usoro nyochaa ndaba na ha chọrọ. Karịsịa, ndị isi nke ndị nnọchianya bụ kwesịrị na-amata na nnabata nke niile na onye òtù ọlụlụ na-ekwu aka ha nkwupụta na-eme kwa afọ nzukọ. The Moscow Helsinki Group-ele anya na ozi nyere na imebi nke isiokwu metụtara ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, a ga-atụle ná nzukọ ndị, nakwa na ochichi onye kwuo uche ga-achọ na Soviet Union bịanyere aka nkwekọrịta gburu na zuru, gụnyere Humanities isiokwu. Meghị otú ahụ pụrụ iduga ida nke Helsinki kwekọrọ, nke Soviet na-edu ndú nwere ike agaghị anabata. Na-ebute ọdịmma nke ndị Soviet Union ọ bụ ịnọgide na-enwe nnọọ ọrụ na-enye nkwekọrịta ya, na-ewere n'ime akaụntụ eziokwu na mba ahụ nọ na bled ọcha ogologo iche site na ike nke ụwa na frenzied ogwe agbụrụ.

irè ọrụ

The ruuru mmadụ esop, nke gụnyere naanị iri na otu òtù, yiri ka ha adịghị enwe ike inyocha dum n'ókèala sara nke Soviet Union. N'ikpeazụ MHG nọ dị nnọọ ka adịtụghị ike dị ka ihe niile ndị ọzọ ụmụ amaala nke USSR, ha niile ngwá ẹkewetde nke abụọ ochie typewriter. N'aka nke ọzọ, Moscow Helsinki otu gụnyere ahụmahụ agbachitere ndị gbakọtara site na oge a nnukwu ego nke ihe onwunwe na-emetụta na-achị. Ọzọkwa, ndị mba ọzọ na redio ụgbọ akpọsa na ókèala nke Soviet Union, mgbe niile jupụta ndekọ nke Moscow Helsinki Group, o wee na-enweta ihe ọmụma banyere ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ imebi gafee mba. Karịsịa, ndị òtù nke nzukọ gwara ndị na oru nke Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Georgian na Armenian mba ije.

N'oge 6 afọ nke ịdị adị, ìgwè mere na inyefe ya n'aka West banyere 195 na-akọ ihe ndị ruuru na Soviet Union. Ndị a na-akọ nwere ozi metụtara ndị mgbochi nri iji nne ha ire, na-enweta akwụkwọ n'asụsụ ha, na na. D. Religious oru (Baptist, ndị Adventist, Pentikọstal na ndị Katọlik) gwara banyere imebi nke ikike nnwere onwe nke okpukpe. Citizens ndị na-adịghị òtù ọ bụla mmegharị, kọrọ ndị na-abụghị nnabata ya na-atọ nke Helsinki kwekọrọ, nke tara ahụhụ si ma onwe ha ma ọ bụ ha hụrụ n'anya.

a ezigbo ihe nlereanya

Mgbe e mechara, eso ihe nlereanya nke Moscow Helsinki Group, na November 1976, e guzobere Lithuanian na Ukrainian Helsinki Group, na January 1977 - Georgia, na April - Armenian, na December 1976 - Kraịst Committee maka nchedo nke ikike nke ndị kwere ekwe na Soviet Union na November 1978 g - The Catholic Committee maka nchedo nke ikike nke ndị kwere ekwe. Helsinki Kọmitii nwekwara pụtara na Poland na Czechoslovakia.

mmeghachi omume

Na February 1977, Ukrainian na Moscow iche iche nke njide malitere. Otu n'ime ihe mbụ jidere bụ onyeisi oche nke MHG Yuri Orlov. Ka 18, 1978 enye ama ikpe 7 afọ mkpọrọ na ike ọrụ na 5 afọ nke ije biri n'ala. The ikpe ahuta ya eme ka mgbochi Soviet n'ahụhụ na-agbasa echiche imebi Soviet steti na usoro. June 21 n'otu afọ Vladimir Slepak ikpe 5 afọ nke ije biri n'ala. June 14, Natan Sharansky ikpe 3 mkpọrọ afọ na afọ 10 na a siri ike-ekwe ka ọchịchị mara ụlọikwuu.

Site n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1977, ha nọ na-efunahụ nke nnwere onwe n'ihi na ihe karịrị 50 òtù nke Helsinki iche iche. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ikpe ogologo mkpọrọ, ụfọdụ nwụrụ n'ihu tọhapụsịrị ha.

The ife nke ịdị n'otu

The media na onye kwuo uche mba - mmekọ nke Soviet Union site Helsinki kwekọrọ kpuchie Helsinki usoro na mkpagbu nke ndị nọ na ya na USSR na ya satellite na-ekwu. Ọha na eze na mba ndị a meghachi omume ka a na-akpagbu site na-eke ha onwe ha iche iche na Helsinki Kọmitii.

Na e kere eke nke American Helsinki Group a mara ọkwa na December 1978. Yiri òtù e mesịrị pụta na Canada na ụfọdụ Western mba Europe. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ha bụ ịkwụsị mkpagbu nke ndị ọrụ ibe ha na-arụgide ha mba ọchịchị ike choro si Soviet Union nke Helsinki kwekọrọ-egbu ha.

Mkpụrụ nke ọrụ

Mgbalị ndị a na amuworom mkpụrụ. Malite na Madrid Conference na October 1980, ọchịchị onye kwuo uche na-ekwu, Nnọkọ Oriri na Ọṅụṅụ na-na nzukọ ọ bụla ji otu olu na-ekwusi okwu ndị a choro. Nke nta nke nta nnabata ya na ibu ọrụ nke atọ "nkata" ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị isi akụkụ nke Helsinki usoro. N'oge Vienna Conference of 1986 e banyere ndị ọzọ na protocol, dị ka nke ruuru mmadụ ọnọdụ ná mba - party na Agreement ghotara nchegbu nke niile signatories.

N'ihi ya, Moscow Helsinki Group ghọrọ nkpuru, mụrụ mba Helsinki ije. Ọ na-enwe a-eto eto ime na ọdịnaya nke Helsinki usoro. N'ihi na oge mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke diplomacy, ruuru mmadụ esop na-egwuri a ọrụ ke inter-ala nkwekọrịta. The Soviet Union e boro ebubo na-emebi akwalite ọdịmma ndị mmadụ n'isiokwu na ndabere nke akwụkwọ nyere site Moscow, Ukrainian na Lithuanian iche iche.

Gorbachev igbaze

Nrụgide sitere n'aka ndị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche mba, ọ bụghị naanị na Moscow otu "Helsinki", kamakwa mmadụ niile ihe na-efunahụ ha nnwere onwe maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị isiokwu nke Soviet Criminal Usoro, na 1987, a tọhapụrụ ha. Na 1990, Soviet ụmụ amaala e nyere ikike kpamkpam ahapụ ma laghachi na obodo, iji kwụsị mkpagbu nke ndị kwere ekwe.

Ahụmahụ e nwetara na N'ezie nke imekọ ihe ọnụ na ndị na-abụghị ndị òtù, ọ na-apụta ìhè eziokwu ahụ bụ na OSCE mbụ International Association na gụnyere ha na-arụ ọrụ usoro dị ka hà mmekọ. Mgbe Conference na Human Dimension nke ndị nnọchiteanya nke na-abụghị ndị òtù na-ekere òkè na ndabere nke parity na ukara nnọchiteanya nke OSCE so n'òtù, na okwu e nyere ha na ihe hà footing.

Back na n'ohu

MHG, nke n'oge ya tọọ ntọala bụ nanị onwe ha na-abụghị ndị ọchịchị na Soviet Union, ugbu a na-arụ a na-eduga ọrụ ke ruuru mmadụ ije na obodo ọha, nke na e guzobere ke Russian Federation. Isi na-elekwasị anya nke Moscow Helsinki Group-aga n'ihu na nyochaa ruuru mmadụ ọnọdụ. Taa, ọ dị, ọ na-rụrụ bụghị nanị na-adabere na nke kwesiri isiokwu nke Helsinki kwekọrọ, ma na nkwado nke Russian oruru, na European Convention maka Protection of Human Rights na Nnwere Onwe na ndị ọzọ na mba nkwekọrịta ruuru mmadụ na-aka site Russian Federation.

Lyudmila Mihaylovna Alekseeva MHG gawa na 1996. Afọ atọ tupu mgbe, ọ laghachiri Moscow n'ala ọzọ na February 1977 na United States. All na mgbe nwaanyị wee na-na-arụ ọrụ na ruuru mmadụ esop, na-ada ka na agbasa ozi n'ikuku nke radio "Liberty" na "Voice of America".

Na 2012 batara ike a iwu ọhụrụ nke Russian Federation, ọ na-ekpebisi na Moscow Helsinki Group - a mba ọzọ gị n'ụlọnga na-anabatakwa ego si ná mba ọzọ na-enwe njikọ ná mba ọzọ. Ka tufuo ihere na mbụk e ji mee ka a okwu ọzọ maka okwu "spy", nzukọ kpebiri amachi onwe anyị iji nyere Russian ụmụ amaala.

a dị nnọọ ụgwọ ọrụ

Na 2015, Lyudmila Alexeyeva maka ọrụ dị ịrịba ama na ubi nke ruuru mmadụ natara award Vatslava Gavela. Na-enyefe € 60,000 na a ememe ẹkenịmde ke Obí nke Europe na Strasbourg n'ụbọchị mmalite nke plenary nnọkọ nke CoE Omeiwu Assembly, ijeụkwụ President Anne Brasseur kwuru na ruuru mmadụ mmume, weghara ọrụ ọgụ ka ikpe ziri ezi, ọ na-sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ọtụtụ ọgbọ nke Russian na mba ọzọ oru . Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, Alexeyeva egwu, a chụrụ ya n'ọrụ na a manyere ịhapụ mba na-enwe ike ịnọgide na-ekwu okwu banyere ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ imebi na Soviet Union. Ọ ugbu a isi oche nke Moscow Helsinki Group - Freethinkers na-abụghị ọchịchị nzukọ, nke a na-ihu na iro, ma ka na-aga n'ihu na-ikpe nke eziokwu nke mmebi iwu na aka tara.

ọgụ-anọgide

Nso nso, na Iv nke 40 ncheta nke MHG ala TV ọwa "Russia-1" adade "akwụkwọ", nke di boro na mmegide ndú Alexei Navalny natara ego site n'aka British ọgụgụ isi, tinyere na-enyemaka nke Moscow Helsinki Group. Ọ na-e osụk "akwụkwọ" na "akwụkwọ ozi", kwuru na-egosi mmekọrịta ya na ndị isi nke ulo oru mbo enweta ego "hermitage Capital" William Browder. Analysis nke "ihe" MI6 na CIA kpughere na ha na-ejupụta kpọmkwem okwu na njehie-ahụkarị nke Russian dere. Onyeisi oche nke Moscow Helsinki Group jụrụ ebubo nke ala media, na-asị na-enweghị ego site Alekseya Navalnogo ọ dịghị mgbe ọ natara ihe ọ bụla ego na ọ na-enyeghị. Human ikike mmume kwuru na Moscow Helsinki Group na ego anaghị eduzi ego azụmahịa, dị ka a pụrụ isi chọta nke ego na oke ego, na-emekwa ụfọdụ.

O doro anya na, ọzọ mgbalị ya imebi ndị Moscow Helsinki Group na mmegide emetụghị.