Udo atọm: a foto, a akara. Nwere ike udo atọm? Ọ bụ n'ebe a ga-eme n'ọdịnihu maka udo atọm?

Ná ngwụsị nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na Japanese obodo Hiroshima na Nagasaki, abụọ nuclear bọmbụ. The ọhụrụ ngwá agha bụ ndị kasị egbu egbu na akụkọ ụmụ mmadụ. Ndị sochirinụ nuclear ogwe aka agbụrụ n'etiti Soviet Union na United States adịkwuola egwu nke mba uwa na nuclear-akpata. Otú ọ dị, na mgbakwunye na nuclear warheads, na udo atọm. Site na okwu pụtara nuklia ike.

Ụkpụrụ nke ọrụ NPP

The ọrụ nke ọ bụla nuclear mmeghachi omume bụ fission nke atọm. Ihe kpatara ya, ọ dị mkpa ka jide a neutron bombardment nke uranium-235 nuclei. N'onye kasị nta ahụ na-ekewa n'ime iberibe, si otú na-amị a ezigbo ego nke gamma-ụzarị na okpomọkụ.

Udo atọm pụrụ ịnọgide na udo naanị n'okpuru ike akara, a ga-maka NPP. Nke bụ eziokwu bụ na fission neutrons ibili na ike ọhụrụ yinye Jeremaya mere. Achịkwaghị achịkwa ruru a nuclei na-eduga onye gbawaranụ. Ụkpụrụ a underlies ọrụ nke bọmbụ atọm. Ike osisi na-achịkwa otu usoro, na ngafe ike na-eduzi n'ime a bara uru ọwa n'ihi na ndị mmadụ.

Uranium-235

Nuclear mmanụ ụgbọala tupu oji a enịm ke pụrụ iche mkpara. Ọ na-echekwara na ụdị pellets mere nke uranium oxide. Ọ ga-ghọtara na a umi bụ bụghị edo. 3% nke ndị dị otú ahụ mbadamba agụnye uranium-235 (mgbe mmeghachi omume a na-ekewa otu), na fọdụrụ dị ka 238 (a isotope na-adịghị ekewa).

Gịnị mere anyị kwesịrị mmekọrịta dị otú ahụ? Iji na-usoro n'okpuru akara. Arụ ọrụ fission chernobyl amalite mmeghachi omume. Na N'ezie nke ya mmepe nke uranium-235 na-ebelata. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ na-enwekwu ego nke fission ngwaahịa. Nke a nuclear n'efu. Ha abụrụ oké emebi gburugburu ebe obibi, n'ihi ya, a ga-ewekarị nke ọma. Nwere ike udo atọm? Dị ka hụrụ si kọwara technology, naanị mgbe nditịm hụrụ iwu na akwụkwọ mmepụta.

Mụrụ anya

Nuclear (atọm) ume sitere na ufọt ufọt XX narị afọ. Kemgbe ahụ, ọtụtụ narị nuklia ike osisi (ugbu a na-arụ ọrụ 442) e wuru na ụwa. Udo atọm enye ihe karịrị ọkara nke ume mkpa France, Poland, Lithuania, Slovakia, Sweden na South Korea. Na Western Europe, nuclear ike osisi n'ịwa banyere otu-atọ nke na ọkụ eletrik.

Ọ niile malitere n'afọ 1939, mgbe uranium fission chọpụtara na Germany. German research bụ nnọọ mmasị na USSR. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na ozugbo ọ bịara doo anya na ọ bụ nanị ihe na-emeghe usoro na-enye ohere nnukwu ichekwa ike. Ọ bụrụ na ndị ọkachamara jisiri mụtara ịchịkwa mgbagwoju Jeremaya mere, ọ ga-agwọta ọtụtụ nsogbu akụ na ụba. The mbụ Soviet research metụtara udo atọm, ẹkenịmde ke RIAN (Radium Institute nke Academy nke Sciences) n'okpuru idu ndú nke eminent physics Igor Kurchatov.

The nuclear agbụrụ

The ọrụ nke Soviet ọkà mmụta sayensị ịghọta n'ihi enweghị nke USSR onwe mee nke uranium. Ke adianade do, na 1941, ndị Great Agha Ịhụ Mba n'Anya na revolutionary nchoputa nwere ichefu. Megide a ndabere, burukwa e intercepted na UK, USA na Germany. Ihe na-eju idu ke eziokwu na nuklia ike pụta dị ka mkpanaka nke militarist oru ngo. N'ezie, mba ndị na-alụ ọgụ na akpa ebe-agbalị iji nweta ọtụtụ ngwá agha dị ike, na mgbe ahụ na-eche banyere udo ụzọ iji ha chọpụtara.

The mbụ ibuo nuclear chernobyl na oru na US na December 1942. Project onye ndú bụ Italian ọkà mmụta sayensị Enrico Fermi. Na USSR, mbụ chernobyl pụtara na mbubreyo 1946 na Institute of Atomic Energy. Site na nke oge a were US bọmbụ nke Hiroshima na Nagasaki. Na Soviet Union kere atọm bọmbụ na 1949, na hydrogen - na 1953. Agha ahụ, na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị malitere ịkwadebe a nuclear chernobyl-agba ọsọ na akụ na ụba mba nke Soviet Union.

NPP Construction

The mbụ nuclear ike osisi na ụwa na oru na oge okpomọkụ 1954 afọ. Ọ bụ Obninsk Nuclear Ike Osisi, emi odude ke Kaluga mpaghara. Na United States a bit mbubreyo na malitere iji mejuputa ihe atọm ike oru ngo. Na 1956, ndị America na nke mbụ ịga nke ọma iji chernobyl na-ọkụ eletrik. Nke nta nke nta, abụọ superpowers dabeere ọhụrụ nuklia ike osisi. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha iti ọzọ ndekọ ike.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke mmepe nke nuclear ike wee na nkera nke abụọ nke 1960. Mgbe ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nuclear ike osisi wuo ụlọ malitere ibelata. Na US Congress na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị amalitela ụka na metụtara nchekwa nke udo atọm. O sina dị, site na 1986 eletrik mmepụta na nuclear ike osisi ruru akara nke 15% nke olu-emepụta site ot ike osisi.

nuklia ike akara

Na 1958 na Brussels, nke kwadoro ọzọ Ụwa Fair, meghere Atomium. N'elu imewe echiche nke-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ Andre Vaterkeyner. Atomium anya dị ka ụba ígwè crystal lattice itoolu atọm ejikọrọ ọnụ. Structural ibu - 2,400 tọn, na idi-elu bụ 102 mita. Ọbịa nwere ike na-na isii nke itoolu na ngalaba. Ndị a ụdị atọm uku a narị ijeri ugboro, ejikọrọ ibe orú 23 mita ọkpọkọ. Inside ha bụ corridors na escalators.

Photo nke "udo atọm", nke pụtara na Brussels, na n'etiti nuclear oge, gbasaa ngwa ngwa gburugburu ụwa, na Atomium ghọrọ ihe nnọchianya nke dum nuclear ike na echiche na amamihe sayensị ga-eji maka abamuru nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ, ọ bụghị maka agha na mbibi. Onye Belgium njegharị mma e kwuru na nchụàjà site ama Soviet sayensị akụkọ ifo dere Strugatsky ụmụnne "Monday-amalite na Saturday". udo atọm akara na-egosi na set nke nghọta, nakwa dị ka akwụkwọ ịma ọkwa, ewepụtara nuclear ike.

gburugburu ebe obibi na-akpata

The nsogbu nke gburugburu ebe obibi mmetọ site redioaktivu wastes -aghọ ndị ọzọ ngwa ngwa kwa afọ. Ihe atụ, na oge a na Russian udo atọm aku mkpara nke 10 nuklia ike osisi. All ndị a ụlọ ọrụ mkpa uche pụrụ iche na gburugburu ebe obibi na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị.

Na European Union n'afọ ọ bụla accumulates 50 puku cubic mita nke redioaktivu n'efu. The isi nsogbu na eziokwu na ndị dị otú ahụ n'efu anọgide dị ize ndụ ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ (atụ, a oge nke ire ere nke plutonium-239 bụ 24,000 afọ).

Mkpofu ahihia

Taa, e nwere ọtụtụ echiche na otú kacha mma ka tufuo nuclear n'efu. The mbụ echiche bụ ike repositories na-na ala nke oké osimiri. O siri ike na-emejuputa atumatu usoro. Containers kwesịrị na a bukwanu omimi, ke adianade do, ha nwere ike imebi oké osimiri ugbu a.

The abụọ echiche na-atụle NASA, nke na-enye iji zipu nuclear n'efu n'ime ohere. Ndị dị otú ahụ a na usoro dị mma maka Earth, ma ọ bụ fraught na oké emefu ego. E nwere ndị ọzọ echiche: mbupu n'efu n'enweghị onye bi na agwaetiti ma ọ bụ lie ha n'ime ice nke Antarctica. Ma ndị kasị anabata ugbu a weere nhọrọ nke ewu mounds na nkume formations na nzuzo. Studies metụtara nke a echiche, na-ga-enwe na Germany na Switzerland.

The ihe nke Chernobyl

N'ihi na a ogologo oge, nuklia ike e weere uncontested. Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, udo atọm na USSR na mba ndị ọzọ nọgidere na-akụ na ụba ha mgbasa. Otú ọ dị, na 1986, e nwere ọdachi na Chernobyl, nke na-amanye ụmụ mmadụ-echegharị echiche ya àgwà nuklia ike osisi. Na ọdụ, na-esote na Pripyat, ihe gbawaranụ mere, ndị na-esi nke bụ mbibi nke chernobyl na ntọhapụ n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi nke buru ibu nke ize ndụ redioaktivu bekee.

Onye ama ama nke Soviet slogan "udo atọm na bụla home" e mie ala. Ke akpa ọnwa ole na ole mmadụ 30 nwụrụ mgbe mberede. Otú ọ dị, ezi mmetụta nke irradiation kwuru mgbe e mesịrị. Ụdi afọ, nọ n'oké a egwu ọrịa nwụrụ ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ. Ọtụtụ puku ndị Soviet obodo ahụ nọ na nje ebe. Nnukwu ebe nke Belarus, Ukraine na Russia na-ekwesighi ka ọrụ ugbo. The mberede na Chernobyl nuclear ike osisi mere ka ihe ntiwapụ nke na-elekọta phobia na mmekọrita nuclear ike. Mgbe ọdachi, ọtụtụ ụgbọ nọ na-emechi niile n'ụwa.

Ọ bụ ezie na ihe karịrị afọ 30 nke nchebe na ndị a na ụlọ ọrụ nwere otú ahụ mma, theoretically ọdachi yiri Chernobyl ike eme ọzọ. The omume nke ihe mberede, ma tupu mgbe Chernobyl: na 1957 - na United Alaeze (Windscale), na 1979 - na US (Three Mile Island), na 2011 - na Japan (Fukushima). Taa, IAEA anakọtara ozi na ihe karịrị 1000 pụrụ iche ihe na ụgbọ. Akpata ihe mberede: mmadụ njehie (80%), obere mgbe - imewe flaws. Na Fukushima na Japan, na mberede ka mere n'ihi na oké ala ọma jijiji na ụdi mbufịt.

Atụmanya nke Nuclear Ike

Ajụjụ bụ ma e nwere a ga-eme n'ọdịnihu maka udo nuclear ike, site na aku na uba na na-ekwu na-esi ike na-akpọlite ọtụtụ esemokwu ndị ọkachamara. N'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị na-emegiderịta ihe nke ya ga-eme n'ọdịnihu bụ edoghị na-edochaghị anya. Adịbeghị anya projections na tọhapụrụ ndị International Energy Agency, na-ekwu na ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ dị ugbu a anọgide na-na òkè nke ọkụ eletrik na-emepụta site nuklia ike osisi, ga-ada 2030 site na 15% na 9%.

Ruo mgbe na-adịbeghị anya, nuklia ike bụ na ina gụnyere ruru elu mmanụ ahịa. Otú ọ dị, na 2014 ha we da sharply. N'ihi ya, ọ dị ihe ọzọ ọzọ ka nuklia ike dị njọ karị. Ọ dịkwa mkpa na atọm udo na ndị mmadụ na-enye ọkụ eletrik (ya bụ, ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ nile iji ike kpamkpam tufuo otu nke ike na nduzi).

Mmanụ ma ọ bụ ọkụ eletrik?

Oil, n'agbanyeghị ihe nile, ọ dị mkpa maka ụlọ ọrụ na iga. Banyere 40% nke ike nke na-na-iwesa ndị United States, ọ bụrụhaala na akụ. Site na nduzi na mmanụ ike tufuo Japan na France (ọ bụ ezie na ha na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-eji NPP). N'ihi ya, bụ e a ga-eme n'ọdịnihu maka udo atọm, ma ọ bụ na ọ na-aga ibibi ịnọgide na ndò nke "nwa gold"? A na-atụ aro na osisi nwere ike ịbụ na n'oge gara aga. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ na-adịbeghị anya na-nyere nuclear ume ọhụrụ ohere.

Anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere onye ahụ nke ugbo ala na-agba ọsọ na mmanụ ụgbọala bụ, na ọkụ eletrik. Taa, ndị dị otú ahụ ugbo ala na-esiwanye inweta US na European ahịa. Mgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ electric ugbo ala ga-aghọ norm. Ọ bụ n'oge a iji napụta akụ na ụba ụwa nwere ike-abịa ọzọ udo atọm. NPP ike dozie nsogbu nke ndị na-na-amụba mkpa nke mba dị iche iche na ọkụ eletrik.

anọ na ume

E nwere ihe ọzọ n'ọnọdụ, na nke udo atọm nwere ike ime ka aku mmeri. Otu n'ime ndị isi nsogbu metụtara na na na-gburugburu ebe obibi mma ọrụ nke nuclear ike osisi. Ajụjụ nke mgbagwoju anya nke olili nke redioaktivu n'efu na nọrọ mmanụ ụgbọala anana-echiche nke reformatting nke nuclear ngwa agha na ọhụrụ atọm anọ na. Ndị dị otú ahụ ụlọ ọrụ ga-kpamkpam mma maka gburugburu ebe obibi. Ma tupu technology nke udo atọm ga-etinye n'ime mmepụta, ndị ọkachamara ga-aga a ogologo ụzọ.

Today na ite oru ngo na-ama na-arụ ọrụ ìgwè si 33 mba. Globality mbido na ite mmanụ ụgbọala na-kpatara a plurality nke uru ya. Ọ bụghị naanị mma n'ihi na gburugburu ebe obibi, ma-adịghị agwụ agwụ. The mkpa akụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị - deuterium, nke na-ewepụtara osimiri. The isi na nkà na ụzụ dị iche ite ojii si NPP bụ na ọhụrụ ụlọ ọrụ anọ na (nuclear fission a rụrụ na mbụ nuklia ike osisi) ga-eme. Ikekwe, ọ bụ na nke a technology bụ n'ọdịnihu nke udo atọm.