Ụgbọ agha okpuru mmiri - ihe bụ nke a? Russian okpuru mmiri

The ụgbọ okpuru mmiri - ọ bụ a iche iche klas ụgbọ mmiri na-enwe ike ịmaba oké ogbu na ruo ogologo oge n'okpuru mmiri. Taa submarines bụ isi kenkwucha agha nke Navy nke mba ọ bụla. Ha isi uru - stealth. Nke a na-eme ka submarines oké mkpa na a ala nke agha.

History of kere: mmalite

N'ihi na oge mbụ na ajụjụ banyere ihe a ụgbọ okpuru mmiri, nye a bara uru azịza Leonardo da Vinci. Ọ kọwara ya agha na kenkwucha uru na a ogologo oge na-arụ ọrụ na okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu nke ngwaọrụ, ma n'ikpeazụ, ọkụ ya nile ụdị, n'ihi egwu nke irreversible pụta.

Na 1578 na English ọkà mmụta sayensị William Bourne na akụkọ ya depụtara a ụgbọ okpuru mmiri, nke e hụrụ ya n'ebe miri emi nke Oké Osimiri Ojii. Kọwara okpuru mmiri - ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla dị ka nke mbụ Na-ụgbọ mmiri mere nke Greenland si akpụkpọ sealskin. The arịa nwere ụgbọ dị arọ tankị, ma mee omume dị ka a ụgbọ mmiri laa. Ndị dị otú ahụ a ụgbọ okpuru mmiri ike ruo ogologo oge n'okpuru mmiri, ma, ọbụna mgbe gosiri ịtụnanya pụta.

Official oru ngo na-ewu submarines e mere n'ihu ọha naanị na 1620. Ihu nke ndị na-ewu nyere English Korol Yakov I. emebe mmiri n'okpuru osimiri arịa were a Dutch engineer K. Drebbel. N'oge na-adịghị ụgbọ mmiri e ọma na-anwale na London. Engines mbụ mmiri n'okpuru osimiri ship na UK na-arụ ọrụ na-akwọ-kwadoro. Na Russia, echiche nke na-eke a zoro ezo nsoro butere site Peter I. Otú ọ dị, na ọnwụ ya na oru ngo e gburu ke nwa osisi. Na 1834 e nwere na mbụ niile-metal mmiri n'okpuru osimiri okpuru mmiri. Ya nchepụta bụ a Russian engineer K. Schilder. Propela na ụgbọ ngwaọrụ. The ule ndị ọma, na ụwa mbụ mmiri n'okpuru osimiri egbe nke agha e rụrụ na njedebe nke afọ.

The US Navy ike iguzo onwe. Na 1850 ọ malitere oru ngo n'okpuru nduzi nke L. Hunley. The ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-achịkwa site na a iche iche ogige. The moto eji nnukwu ịghasa na ua ezinụlọ akwọ ụgbọ mmiri. Observation gabiga obere protrusions na ụlọ. Na 1864, nwa mbụ nke Hunley miri dị n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ iro. Gasịrị, yiri ihe ịga nke ọma nwere ike ịnya isi nke Russia na France.

N'oge Ụwa Mbụ submarines onwem na dizel na electric Motors. Na emebe a ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke submarines starring Russian injinia. N'oge agha na-alụ ọgụ aka 600 oké osimiri nile, nke mechara nyụọ banyere 200 ụgbọ mmiri na-ebukọrọ ihe.

History of kere: ọhụrụ oge

Site na mmalite nke World War II kasị submarines ndị na itule nke USSR (211 nkeji). Na n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ guzoro na flotilla Italy - 115 submarines. Next bụ United States, France, Britain, Japan, na na mgbe Germany na 57 miri-osimiri arịa. Ọ bụ uru na-arịba ama na a ụgbọ okpuru mmiri e weere isi ọgụ unit nke Navy n'oge agha. Nke a na-egosi eziokwu ahụ bụ na Soviet Union predominated n'elu oké osimiri n'elu na n'okpuru ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Ụta bụ okpuru mmiri na miri dị a ngụkọta nke ihe karịrị 400 iro ụgbọ mmiri. Ezie na ụgbọ agha okpuru mmiri nwere ike amaba ruo 150 mita, mgbe n'okpuru mmiri ruo ọtụtụ awa. The nkezi ọsọ bụ banyere 6 mara akpụ. A mgbanwe ke mmiri n'okpuru osimiri engineering emewo a maara nke ọma ọkà mmụta sayensị Walter. Ọ haziri streamlined ahu na engine na-arụ ọrụ na hydrogen peroxide. Nke a nyeere submarines imeri ọsọ mgbochi nke 25 mara akpụ.

Submarines taa

Modern okpuru mmiri - na ọ bụ deepwater craft iji ya nuklia ike osisi na-emepụta dị mkpa na ume. Ọzọkwa ike onunu submarines bụ, batrị, dizel engines, Stirling engines na ndị ọzọ na mmanụ ụgbọala mkpụrụ ndụ. N'oge, ndị a ọgụ nkeji bụ ọgaranya nsoro nke 33 mba.

Back na 1990s, NATO si mgwo agha gụnyere 217 arịa, gụnyere SSBNs na SSNs. N'oge ahụ, Russia bụ na itule nke a obere obere karịa 100 nkeji. Na 2004, Russian Federation nyere iwu na Italy e kere eke nke obere na-abụghị nuclear okpuru mmiri ụdị. A kpọrọ ihe omume S1000. O sina dị, na 2014 ọ e oyi kpọnwụrụ site ibe nkwenye. Taa, otu n'ime ndị kasị na kasị vasatail submarines na-ahụta ka hydrogen. Nke a miri emi U-212 klas arịa, nke naanị na nso nso malitere-emepụta na Germany. Dị otú ahụ ụgbọ mmiri na-arụ ọrụ na ndabere nke hydrogen, si otú ọbọ kacha noiseless ije.

nhazi ọkwa nke submarines

Submarines nwere ike kere n'ime dị iche iche na-akwanyere ndị na ige:

1. Dị ka ụdị nke ike isi mmalite: nuklia ike, mmanụ dizel, uzuoku na gas, mmanụ ụgbọala, hydrogen.
2. Iji: Multipurpose, usoro, pụrụ iche.
3. size: cruising, ọkara, obere.
4. Dị ka ụdị ngwá agha: torpedoes, ballistic, agha, weere.

The kasị unit bụ miri nuclear okpuru mmiri. Nke a na ụdị submarines nwere ya nhazi ọkwa:

1. SSBN - nuclear submarines na ballistic ngwá agha.
2. PLARK - nuclear submarines na nrughari agba.
3. MPLATRK - multipurpose agha okpuru mmiri torpedo, isi ike isi iyi nke bụ a nuclear chernobyl.
4. DPLRK - dizel submarines na ụta na torpedoes.

Site ibuo ụdị nwere ike oké: a-efe efe, nku na n'enweghị onye bi na osimiri okpuru mmiri.

Fundamentals nke imewe

Submarines mejupụtara 2 ụlọ: ìhè na inogide. Nke mbụ bụ na-enye ship mma hydrodynamic Njirimara na a abụọ - maka nchedo nke a nnukwu mmiri nsogbu. Jupụtara na nkume kpọkọtara si igwe anaghị agba nchara, Otú ọ dị, mgbe ha na-eme na titanium alloys. On okpuru mmiri nwere pụrụ iche tankị ka ụgbọ dị arọ na mkpụbelata akara. Azọnye a rụrụ iji hydroplanes. Surfacing kpebisiri ike site Ndahie nke mmiri na abịakọrọ ikuku si dị arọ tankị. The ije nke ụgbọ mmiri na-edu dizel ma ọ bụ nuklia ike osisi. Obere submarines-agba ọsọ na batrị na ọkụ eletrik. Special dizel generators eji maka odori. Na iji dị ka a moto propellers.

ụdị ngwá agha

The nzube submarines bụ na-ebu kpọmkwem ihe aga-eme:

- mbibi nke warships,
- mkpochapu multi-nzube nile,
- mbibi nke ndị iro usoro ihe.

Dabere na ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke submarines i kwesịrị iche nke ngwá agha: mines, torpedoes, Tammy, ogbunigwe, ngwá electronic. N'ihi na-azara ọnụ, ọtụtụ miri-oké osimiri mmiri na-eji obere ikuku na-azara ọnụ na usoro.

Russian okpuru mmiri

Otu n'ime ihe ndị ọhụrụ nakweere n'oge Fleet rutere submarines "halibut". Construction nke 24 nkeji were afọ 20, ebe ọ bụ na 1982. Taa, na mkpofu Russian submarines bụ 18 "halibut". Ụgbọ mmiri na-wuru ke kpuchie nke oru ngo 877. a miri-mmiri mmiri ghọrọ prototypes nke a na-akpọ "Varshavyanka". Na 2004 a mụrụ a ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke okpuru mmiri, "Lada", na-arụ elektrodizelnoy echichi. The arịa e mere na-ebibi onye ọ bụla onye iro zaa. A Russian submarines ẹyọyọhọ ekele na kacha nta ozo nke mkpọtụ. N'ihi na elu na-eri nke oru ngo-a ngwa ngwa dara.

The isi pụtara ìhè ike nke Russian nsoro bụ nuclear okpuru mmiri "Pike-B". Ngo were ihe karịrị afọ 20 ruo mgbe 2004. Taa submarines nke ụdị na Russian agha bụ 11 nkeji. "Pike-B" bụ ike iru a ọsọ nke 33 mara akpụ, mikpuru maka 600 m na ịbụ na kwurula igodo 100 ụbọchị. Ikike - 73 ndị mmadụ. Na-ewu otu unit eri-àkù nke banyere 785 mln. Dollars.

Ọzọkwa na ngwá nke nsoro ndị dị otú ahụ nuclear submarines na Russia, dị ka a "Shark", "dolphin", "Barracuda", "Kalmar", "Antey" na ndị ọzọ.

The Kacha ọhụrụ okpuru mmiri

Ke "Warszawianka" usoro adịghị anya a ga replenished na ọhụrụ Russian naval nkeji. Nke a ga-Kacha ọhụrụ okpuru mmiri "Krasnodar" na "Stary Oskol". Ụgbọ mmiri ga-abịa n'ime ọrụ na nkera nke abụọ nke 2015. The docks bụ miri-osimiri arịa "Kolpino" na "The Great Novgorod", ma ha na-ewu na dechara naanị site na njedebe nke 2016. N'ihi ya, a ga-enwe 6 "Warszawianka" imewe nkeji na Black Sea Fleet si itule mpempe akwụkwọ. Representatives nke usoro isiokwu a na-iji ịrụ ụka iro ọgụ, ya bụ, iji chebe naval bases, nkwukọrịta, n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Submarines "Varshavyanka" na-ezo aka nkịtị ụdị. Elektrodizelnom ọrụ na engine.

Na ogologo nke a ụgbọ okpuru mmiri bụ 74 m, na obosara - 10 m. Mmiri n'okpuru osimiri ụgbọala nwere ike iru a ọsọ nke 20 mara akpụ. Imikpu fọrọ - 300 m igwu ndụ -. Ruo 45 ụbọchị.

Efu na aba ime okpuru mmiri

Ruo mgbe 1940s, submarines na mgbe furu efu ke ogbu nke oké osimiri na oké osimiri. Ihe mere nke a bụ imewe flaws na missteps recaps, na nzuzo agha arụmọrụ emegide.

Mgbe Ụwa nke Abụọ na-eme atụmatụ na-efu efu okpuru mmiri nkeji. N'ime afọ 50 gara aga, ndị injinịa ruru ya elu. Ebe ọ bụ na mmalite nke 1950 a ụgbọ okpuru mmiri na-adịghị na-ewere dị ize ndụ maka ndụ nke ndi oru ugbo, na ihe ọ bụla na kọntaktị na onye iro ozugbo ofu a agha isi. Ọ bụ ya mere na-adịbeghị anya ọtụtụ iri afọ, otú obere efu submarines. The kasị ama efu arịa a na-ewere "akpị" (USA), na "Dakar" (Israel) na "Minerva" (France). Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na ihe niile atọ aba ime okpuru mmiri jiri n'okpuru omimi ọnọdụ na N'ezie nke 2 izu ke 1968. Reports on niile atọ ọdachi o kwuru banyere otu unidentified ihe, mgbe na kọntaktị na onye nkwurịta okwu na-arụ ọrụ furu efu ruo mgbe ebighị ebi.

Na ngụkọta, na n'oge gara aga afọ 60 ọ na-e dekọrọ 8 aba ime nuclear submarines, gụnyere isii Russian na abụọ American. Nke mbụ bụ na ụgbọ mmiri "thresher" (USA), na osisi bụ ndị e nwere 129 ndị mmadụ. The mberede mere ka a n'ihi nke onye iro agha na 1963. Ìgwè ahụ dum e gburu.

The kasị akpali akpali na mwute bụ akara aka nke okpuru mmiri "Kursk". N'oge okpomọkụ nke 2000 ruru ka nke mgbawa nke torpedo na mbụ nke ụgbọ mmiri kpuo ka ala nke Barents Sea. N'ihi ya, 118 ndị e gburu.