Western Front nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ: ọgụ

Ma o nwere ike e chere n'aka tupu agha na Western Front ga-ewepụ a ọtụtụ mmadụ ndụ. Ebe a, anyị na-emetụ ukwu abụọ mepee - French na German. Na 1871, Bismarck wee si Napoleon III, Alsace na Lorraine. The ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ndị agbata obi ọkụ n'obi maka ọbọ.

German mbuso agha

Dị ka Schlieffen plan, German agha e tie a ngwa ngwa igbu ya isi na-ama na mpaghara - France. Iji kpuchie adaba ụzọ Paris, na-eme atụmatụ ẹkemụm Belgium na Luxembourg. The obere ihe gbasara onye isi e biri Aug. 2, 1914. Ọ bụ nke mbụ na ọrịa strok e mere na ya. Western n'ihu meghere. Ụbọchị abụọ gasịrị, Belgium bụ n'okpuru agha, nke ekweghị ka ocho okwu agha site ya n'ókèala.

The isi nke ndi-agha n'ubọchi mbu nke agha a na-ewere nnọchibido nke ebe ewusiri ike nke Liège. Ọ bụ a isi nke ịgafe nke osimiri Maas. The agha na ime merenụ site August 5 ruo 16. Agbachitere (36,000 reservists) nwere ha nwere 12 ulo-agha na 400 egbe. Maaskaya kpara agha ahụ bụ fọrọ nke nta 2 ugboro elu (fọrọ nke nta 60 puku ndị agha na ndị ọrụ nche).

The obodo e weere ihe-apụghị imeri emeri ebe e wusiri ike, ma ọ dara dị ka anya dị ka ndị Germany zụlitere nnọchibido ogbunigwe (12 August). Esonụ ọdịda nke Liège, August 20 na mba isi obodo - Brussels, na on August 23 - Namur. N'otu oge ahụ, na-French agha gbalịrị unsuccessfully wakpo ma nweta a foothold na Alsace na Lorraine. Pụta nke nnọchibido bụ mmejuputa a ngwa ngwa mmalite nke German agha. N'otu oge ahụ mgbe August ọgụ, o doro anya na ike nke ochie ụdị bụghị ike igbochi ndị agha onwem na ọhụrụ ngwá agha - XX narị afọ.

Little Belgium ngwa ngwa hapụrụ, na-akpata ịlụ ọgụ, e zigara akara na France, ebe ọ nọrọ na Western Front. 1914 - ọ bụ na-a usoro nke agha na njedebe nke August (na Ardennes ọrụ, Agha nke Charleroi na Mons). The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị agha na abụọ karịa 2 nde. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na French 5th Army nyeere ọtụtụ nkewa nke British agha site September 5 Kaiser ruru Marne River.

Agha nke Marne

The atụmatụ nke Berlin Command bụ na Paris gburugburu. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ a yiri iru, n'ihi na onye nkeji bu ugbua na a anya nke 40 kilomita site French isi obodo na n'oge September. Na Western Front na 1914, ọ yiri ka ịmụta erughị eru ịga nke ọma nke Kaiser na ya General Staff.

Ọ bụ n'oge a ka ndị Entente agha gara counter-agha. The ọgụ gbasaa n'elu a nnukwu ebe. N'otu oge dị mkpa iji nyere ndị French rutere Moroccan Division. Ndị agha ahụ bịara, ọ bụghị nanị na ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, ma, ọbụna na-enyemaka nke a tagzi. Ọ bụ oge mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme mgbe agha dị ka ndị ụgbọ ugbo ala eji na nnukwu quantities. Communication nke German agha na-agbatị gafee Belgium na replenishment na manpower kwụsịrị. Ke adianade do, otu 5th French Army wapue iro chebe onwe ma gaa n'azụ, ebe ọtụtụ German agha tụbara na East Prussia, ebe Russia meghere North-Western Front. Ịhụ ọnọdụ a, General Alexander von Kluck nyere iwu agbahapụ.

Agha nke Triple Alliance natara a ike psychological mmetụta. N'umu nke pesonel ada ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na mkpọrọ were ehi ụra agha. Otú ọ dị, France na England na-enweghị ike na-uru nke mmeri ya. The mkpagbu bụ umengwụ na-adịghị ngwa. Òtù okpu ebipụ na-agba ọsọ ndị iro ma jupụta gaps na ha agbachitere.

Site October, na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-alụ ọgụ gaa n'ebe ugwu, nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri. The bipu na abụọ gbalịrị uzo onye iro ka iyi tojubigara ókè. Ịga nke Ọma kemgbe agbanwe, ruo ọgwụgwụ nke afọ dịghịkwa onye nwere ike obibi a bụrụkwa otiti. On Christmas Eve, ụfọdụ nkewa N'agbasoghị kwetara a kwusi-ọku. Ọ bụla na-enweta ihe aha "Christmas truce".

miri dọrọ agha

Mgbe ihe ndị na-Marne na Western Front nke First World War gbanwere ọdịdị nke see. Ugbu a na-emegide ndị gbanyesiri mgbọrọgwụ na na ọnọdụ ha, na agha ghọrọ positional ofụri 1915. Blitzkrieg plan, nke mbụ kpara na Berlin okpu.

Sporadik mgbalị ndị ọzọ na-aga n'ihu tụgharịa ọdachi. Ya mere, mgbe ndị agha Champagne jikọrọ aka furu efu na-adịghị ala karịa 50 puku ndị mmadụ, ịka nanị ọkara a kilometa. Dị ka a yiri dịruru ná njọ Agha nke Neuve Chapelle obodo, ebe British nwere furu efu karịa 10 puku ndị agha, na-aga n'ihu na 2 kilomita. Western Front nke First World War-achazi n'ime ndị kasị ibu ihe mere eme nke anụ grinder.

Ị nwere ike nakwa na-aga n'ihu Germany. Na April na Ka e a agha Ypres, nke ghọrọ mwute ma ama na ekele na ojiji nke nsi gas. Adịghị njikere maka nke a n'aka nke ihe bipu n'iyi, ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ puku mmadụ. Mgbe mbụ agha na agha ozugbo e webatara ha masks, nke nyeere aka ịlanahụ re-eji nke gas ngwá agha nke German agha. Total weere na Ypres Entente 70 puku ndị mmadụ (na German Alaeze Ukwu - ọkara). na-akpasu iwe nke ọma kemgbe ole na, n'agbanyeghị nke uka ọnụ, agbachitere akara dịghị mgbe agbaji.

Ọgụ nọgidere na Western Front Artois. N'ebe a, ha na-arụkọ gbalịrị ịzụlite agha ugboro abụọ - na mmiri na ụbịa. Ma arụmọrụ dara, ọ bụghị dịghị site n'iji igwe egbe Reich.

Agha nke Verdun

Na-abịa na spring 1916 na Western Front nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ, zutere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu agha arụmọrụ ke ebe nke obodo nke Verdun. N'adịghị ka aga arụmọrụ, a atụmatụ nke ọzọ atụmatụ nke agha bụ German ọchịagha gbakọọ na a warara ibé ala. Site na nke a oge - mgbe a na usoro nke na ọbara agha - German agha ikesimaha nwere zuru ezu ego ha na-enwe ọganihu n'ihi a sara mbara, dị ka ọ bụ ihe atụ, na Marne n'afọ 1914.

Otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke agha malitere shelling nke bibiri ndị e wusiri ike ọnọdụ nke na-achị nke atọ Republic. Mgbe bọmbụ bibie ihe e wusiri ike nke bipu arụ. Ke adianade do, a otutu ngwá agha dị ka flamethrowers e ji. Na mmalite nke na nkedo nke Triple Alliance agha nweela usoro ụzọ.

N'oge ahụ, Russia nọgidere na-amaja ha Northwest Front. Lake naroch iwe malitere na elu nke Verdun ihe. The Russian agha mere a feint na ebe nke oge a na Minsk region, mgbe nke ahụ Reich iwu kpebiri nyefee akụkụ nke ya agha ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, dị ka ha hụrụ na Berlin, a malitere a n'ozuzu na-akpasu iwe. Ọ bụ a ndudue, n'ihi ya isi igbu gburu Russia na ntụziaka nke Austria-Hungary (Brusilov iwe).

Otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ọzọ, ma e nweela ya e kere. Western na Eastern asakde iso ese n'out oge, ike agwụ Kaiser agha. Na October, mgbe ọtụtụ obodo ọdịda nke French bịara edoghi ha ẹkenịmde ke February na mmalite nke onye iro na-akpasu iwe. Ọ dịghị ụzọ pụta ke iru Germany. The ego nke weere na abụọ ruru karịrị 600 na puku ndị mmadụ (gburu banyere 300 puku).

The Battle nke Somme

Na July 1916, mgbe Agha nke Verdun dọkpụụrụ na, na ha na-arụkọ malitere ha onwe ha na njikọ agha na ọzọ n'ihu. Operation na Somme malitere na ogbunigwe ekwu ọtụtụ, nke e duziri a izu. Mgbe zubere mbibi nke onye iro akụrụngwa, ya ije malite bipu.

Dị ka ọ bụ tupu, na 1916, ndị Western Front maa jijiji site a ogologo na protracted agha. Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị mere Somme na-echeta ihe mere eme nke ọtụtụ atụmatụ. Firstly, e mbụ ji mee tankị. Ha na-mepụtakwara site British na dị iche iche technical ezughị okè: ngwa ngwa dabara disrepair na ndị gbajiri. O sina dị, nke a emeghị ka a ghara ọhụrụ ngwaahịa na-akpata oké njọ psychological mmetụta na onye iro bipu. Active egwu gbasasịa mgbe nanị otu ụdị outlandish art. Nke a nke ọma nye a oké njọ kwalite mmepe nke tank. Nke abuo, ha uru ka nkwenye efe n'elu nnyocha e mere, bụ nke e duziri iji elegharị iro ọnọdụ.

Ọgụ na-aga, na ike ịgwụ were ogologo oge okike. Site September, o doro anya na ọhụrụ agha Germany anọgide. N'ihi ya, n'ụbọchị ndị mbụ nke mgbụsị akwụkwọ ha na-arụkọ merela agadi miri n'ime iro ọnọdụ na ọtụtụ iri puku kwuru iri kilomita. September 25 na-na-arụ elu, nwere a ụzọ dị mkpa na mpaghara.

Western n'ihu World War bled German akụkụ nke Alụwo na ọtụtụ ndị na-emegide naanị. Ha na-efu ihe dị mkpa na e wusiri ike ọnọdụ. Somme na Verdun ada ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha na-arụkọ weghaara usoro uru na ike ugbu a wetara agha na Kaiser na mkpara ya.

Hindenburg akara

Ihe vector agbanweela - azụ kwapụwo na Western Front. World banyere a ọhụrụ na-adọ. The eze ukwu agha napụrụ maka Hindenburg akara. Ọ bụ a usoro nke e wusiri ike ukwuu ruo n'ókè. Ọ malite iwu ọbụna n'oge ihe ndị mere Somme dị na ntuziaka nke Paul von Hindenburg, onye nsọpụrụ na aha ya bụ. Field Marshal e bufere France na Eastern nkiri nke arụmọrụ, ebe ọ na-aga nke ọma buso ndị Russian Alaeze Ukwu. Ya ngwọta akwado ọzọ agha ọgụgụ - Erich Ludendorff, ndị na-akwado ndị Nazi party ewelite isi ya na-eme n'ọdịnihu.

Line wuru ofụri oyi 1916-1917 si. Ọ na-e kewara 5 edoghi, natara aha nke odide nke German The Epic. Western n'ihu World War 1 n'ozuzu chetara kilomita trenches na barbed waya. The agha akpatre kpọgara na February 1917. The ichighaazu e so site na mbibi nke obodo, okporo ụzọ na ndị ọzọ na akụrụngwa (chanwụrụ ụwa).

Nivelle iwe

The mbụ na-echeta First World War? Western Front - a nnọchianya nke meaninglessness mmadụ tara. "Iberi ludo Nivelle" ghọrọ otu nke kasị ukwuu ọdachi ndị mere nke a ogu.

Na ime n'akụkụ nke Entente e gara site n'elu 4 nde ndị mmadụ, mgbe Germany nwere naanị 2,7 nde. Otú ọ dị, ojiji nke a oke bụ ekwe omume. Obere oge tupu ndị otutu Germany weghaara a French agha bụ ndị nwere ya na ya a plan nke ime ihe na ide ihe. N'ihi ya, ọ bịara mata ihe abịanụ diversionary ọgụ, na-akwadebe Britain. N'ihi ya, na ya iji e belata ka efu.

Ọ baghị uru iwe imikpu, na ha na-arụkọ enweghị ike inwere site na onye iro ihe nchebe. Weere na abụọ karịa ọkara nde. Mgbe ọdịda France malitere etiwapụ na afọ ojuju n'etiti ndị bi na.

Ọ bụkwa ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na na aha ọjọọ agha abuana Russian agha. Russian Expeditionary Force e guzobere kpọmkwem maka Mbupu na Western Europe. Mgbe ọtụtụ weere na April-May 1917 ọ disbanded na ndị fọdụrụ agha na-zigara a mara ụlọikwuu na nso Limoges. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke ndi-agha guzo ná mba ọzọ inupụ isi, nakwa mgbe October mgbanwe daa, onye laghachiri n'ọgbọ agha, ndị ọzọ bụ ndị na osisi na n'azụ, na-atọ gara Algeria na Balkans. N'ọdịnihu, ọtụtụ ndị isi laghachiri n'ala nna ha ma nwụrụ Civil War.

Pashendeyl na Cambrai

Summer 1917 ji atọ Agha nke Ypres, nke a na-mara site na aha a obere obodo Pashendeyl. N'oge a, British iwu kpebiri agbaji Western Front. World amanye icheta ọtụtụ chịrị nke Alaeze Ukwu ego. Ọ bụ ebe a na-alụ ọgụ kasị nke Canada, Australia, New Zealand na South Africa. Expeditionary Force natara mbụ uka ọnwụ n'ihi na ojiji nke ọhụrụ iro nke gas ngwá agha. Ọ bụ a mustard gas ma ọ bụ mustard, nke see akụkụ okuku ume na akụkụ, mkpụrụ ndụ e bibiri, nsogbu metabolism nke carbohydrates ke idem. Àkụ nke Field Marshal Douglas Haig nwuru na puku.

Mmetụta na eke ọnọdụ. Obodo marshes e liri n'okpuru oké mmiri ozuzo, na aga guru nke oké apịtị. The British furu efu a ngụkọta nke 500 puku ndị mmadụ gburu na merụọ. Ọganihu ekwe omume naanị ole na ole kilomita. Ọ dịghị onye maara mgbe ọgwụgwụ 1 World. Western Front wee na-ọkụ.

Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa n'uche nke British - iwe na Cambrai (November-December 1917), ebe a siburu na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ihe ịga nke ọma tankị e ji. Ha jisiri ike site na akara Hindenburg. Otú ọ dị, agbara n'akụkụ nke chioma anaghị agasi na bipu na dị ka a N'ihi ya, ndinyanade mbịne na nkwukọrịta. The iro wee uru nke a, na-enwe eru counterattack na tụbara British ha mbụ na ọnọdụ.

Ẹkụre mkpọsa

Dị ka n'afọ 1914, Western Front ruo mgbe ikpeazụ ọnwa nke agha fọrọ agbanweghị ya ọnọdụ. Ọnọdụ nọgidere anụ naanị ruo oge mgbe ike nke Bolsheviks e guzobere Russia, Lenin kpebiri ịkwụsị "imperialist agha". The ụwa e yigharịrị ọtụtụ ugboro n'ihi na achụpụ nke mbon, gawa site Trotsky Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọzọ agha nke ndị Germany nkwekọrịta ka e banyere on March 3, 1918 na Brest. Mgbe ahụ, si n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na a ọsọ ọsọ 44 nkewa e zigara.

Na na March 21 malitere na-akpọ mmiri na-akpasu iwe, nke bụ ihe ikpeazụ dị oké njọ mgbalị ndị agha Wilhelm II ịmanye a N'ezie nke agha. The N'ihi nke ọtụtụ arụmọrụ e ese Marne River. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ịgafe bụ ike ịkwaga naanị 6 kilomita, mgbe ahụ na July, ndị jikọrọ aka oru a bụrụkwa counter-akpasu iwe, a na-akpọ na narị ụbọchị. Na n'etiti Amiens na Saint Miyelsky protrusions na successively tutu amama n'etiti Aug. 8 November 11. Na September, ọ malitere a n'ozuzu si otutu si North Oké Osimiri Verdun.

Malite nke akụ na ụba na Na Germany, a akwalite ọdịmma ndị mmadụ ọdachi. Demoralized agha nyefere en masse. The mmeri e enwe nnukwu site eziokwu na United States sonyeere òtù. American nkewa e ọma zụrụ azụ na zuru nke ike, dị ka megide ndị na n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke trenches, nke akpọrepu azụ site 80 kilomita. Site November, ọgụ ama Belgium. 11 nọmba Berlin e nwere mgbanwe, M'gēkpochapu kwa ike nke William. The ọchịchị ọhụrụ bịanyere aka nkwekorita. The ọgụ kwụsịrị.

pụta

Eze agha biri naanị June 28, 1919, mgbe mkpa nkwekọrịta e banyere Obí Versailles. Ọchịchị na Berlin nwere ekwele nkwa-akwụ a nnukwu indemnity, inye otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke mba n'ókèala, demilitarization. N'ihi na a afọ ole na ole mba aku na uba nọrọ n'ọgba aghara. Mark depreciated.

Olee otú ọtụtụ ndụ were First World War? Western Front ghọrọ isi ebe agha ofụri afọ nke esemokwu. Na abụọ nke ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ nde mmadụ, ọtụtụ mmerụ ahụ, contusion ma ọ bụ crazy. The ojiji nke ọhụrụ ụdị ngwá agha dị ka mgbe iweda ndụ mmadụ. New teknụzụ nweela ọgụgụ isi. Western Front, akpa igbu nke bụ nnọọ dị ka ihe ọjọọ dị ka ndị agha mgbe 4 afọ, nọgidere na-abụghị na-agwọ ọrịa onya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Europe. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ndị na ọbara agha ada itie ke ọzọ na mpaghara, na ha enweghị ndị dị otú ahụ ụzọ dị mkpa. Ọ bụ na Belgium na French ala ndị agha Germany ahụhụ ndị kasị njọ losses.

Ihe ndị a na-egosi na omenala: akwụkwọ Remarque, Junger, Aldington na ndị ọzọ. Ebe a bụ a na-eto eto kopora Adolf Hitler. Ọgbọ ya na-mere ihe wutere ikenenke pụta agha. Nke a mere ka uto nke chauvinistic mmetụta na Weimar Republic, ndị Nazi wee ike na ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.