Akụkọ nke Agha nke 1812: akpata, na isi ihe, na-arụpụta

The Agha nke 1812 bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ama n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Nke a bụ obere akpati mgbe a ịrịba òkè nke Russian ókèala ahụ n'okpuru arụ. The agha Napoleon ghọrọ akụkụ nke European agha nke n'oge XIX narị afọ.

prerequisites agha

On June 12, a nnukwu agha Napoleon sikwuo ókè-ala osimiri Neman na ewerewo obodo ahu nke Kovno. Otú ọ dị, akụkọ nke Agha nke 1812 nwere ike na-amalite na-enweghị a okwu nke ogige nke mkpọsa a. Gịnị mere ọtụtụ narị puku ndị European agha dị iche iche na mba na-egosi na Russia?

Ná ngwụsị nke XVIII narị afọ na France e nwere mgbanwe, n'oge nke kwaturu ọchịchị ndị eze,. The ala ghọrọ a Republic, iji nwayọọ nwayọọ ike na Paris wee nkà na-ewu ewu na ọchịagha ndị Napoleon Bonaparte. Ọtụtụ mba Europe ahụ dịrị ndụ n'okpuru zuru akwado ọchịchị ya. Conservative isi (gụnyere Russian Eze Nwanyị Ukwu Catherine II) abụghị obi ụtọ na revolutionary ihe ndị mere na obi nke Afrika.

Ya mere, ọchịchị ndị eze, ruo ọtụtụ afọ kpụrụ a mmekota megide France. All ndị a mkpọsa nwere okpu. Napoleon bụ otu n'ime ndị ọchịagha ndị gbachiteere obodo ha megide mwakpo. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bịara ike, na 1804, ọ ghọrọ ndị eze ukwu. Ọ malitere reverse usoro. Ma French agha were mba ndị agbata obi na-ma na-arụ ma ọ bụ natara ike n'ihe nye ndị ọchịchị nke Paris. Ọ bụghị ndị dị otú ahụ a agha 1812. Na nkenke, Napoleon nwere obibi dị nnọọ iche na ọnọdụ nke agha, bụ ndị ọ ebipụ onwunwe na ọhụrụ agha ọtụtụ puku kilomita site n'ala nna ha.

Diplomacy Alexander m

Ka ọ dịgodị, Russian ocheeze e ji site Alexander I. Ọ gawa ọtụtụ coalitions megide Napoleon. Mgbe e meriri na Austerlitz na 1805 na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-emeghị nke Russian eze ukwu nwere ikwubi nkwekọrịta na okwu nke French counterpart. Peace nke Tilsit na 1807 n'oge biri arụmụka n'etiti emegide. Otú ọ dị, Napoleon agụụ ike ikpeazụ achị nke Old World. Ya mere, o kpebiri bụghị naanị iti Alexander, ma na-awakpo obodo ya. Si otú malitere na preparations maka mbuso agha nke Russia.

Mgbe Napoleon gafere Niemen, n'okpuru ya banner ọ bụ ihe karịrị 500 puku ndị agha. Ọ bụ nnukwu, "tangle" nke dị iche iche European mba. Site n'oge a, ya e meriri Austria na Prussia, bụ ndị na-esonyere ụfọdụ n'ime ya agha na Napoleonic agha. Eze agha n'usoro a na-akpọ Great Army. Akpata Agha 1812 osụhọde ke eziokwu na French hegemony na Europe nwere ike ịbụ ebighi-ebi. Napoleon nwere aka ọhụrụ ọ bụla onye agbata obi. Na 1812, mba a bụ Russia.

Ọ bụrụ na Russia bụ chie anọpụ iche mba, United Alaeze ka na a ala nke megidere France. Napoleon chọrọ ibibi British aku na uba site staging ndị continental mgbochi. Russia kemgbe ihe dị mkpa trading onye maka UK, otú Napoleon ume Alexander ịnọgide na-enwe ya mgbochi na bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke Peace nke Tilsit. Otú ọ dị, na St. Petersburg achọghị gaa a ọjọọ jikoro na-agbalị ọ bụla o kwere omume ụzọ circumvent nkwekọrịta. Ndị a bụ ndị na-akpatara ndị Agha 1812. Otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ọzọ, ma na mmalite nke na mbuso agha n'etiti mba abụọ nwere ọtụtụ emegiderịta. Na-enweghị aha ha akụkọ ga-ezu maka 1812 agha.

Napoleon si atụmatụ

Ịhọrọ ntụziaka nke ya isi fee, Napoleon kwụsịrị na Moscow. Russia bụ kwa nnukwu ozugbo ogide dum ókèala ya. Ke adianade Moscow, na-atụle nhọrọ na agha na Kiev na St. Petersburg, ma ha jụrụ. Na Russia, ekele ọgụgụ isi maara nke abịanụ ọrụ nke Napoleon. Ya mere, ndị ọchịchị nọ na a ọsọ ọsọ Mikhail Kutuzov ngwa ngwa kwụsị agha Turkey, ịdị njikere maka ọhụrụ mkpọsa. Udo nkwekorita na ọchịchị Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman e banyere otu ọnwa tupu Napoleon si mbuso agha. Dị ka ya, Russia natara Moldova.

The mmalite nke Great Army

N'oge mbụ ọnwa nke agha, Napoleon kpaliri unu kpamkpam n'ime Russia. O guzogidere ọtụtụ obere agha. Ebe ọ bụ na onye ọ bụla nke ha nwere ike na-adị mfe agbajikwa, Alexander gwara ọchịagha dịrị n'otu, na-enye onye iro a bụrụkwa agha. The ebe mgbakọ nke nzukọ ahụ bụ Smolensk. Akụkọ nke Agha nke 1812 na-egosi na a zuru okè ihe atụ nke otú ụfọdụ Russian agha e ọma jikọtara gụkwuo ọgụ na onye-iro. August 6 malitere agha Smolensk, ma echi, Barclay de Tolly kpebiri agbahapụ ka Moscow.

The abụọ agha aga ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo mgbe ọ adabaghị na ubi nke Borodino. Na agha nke August 26 na abụọ e gburu ego nke 80 puku ndị agha. Ma party adịghị enweta a bụrụkwa mmeri. Mgbe agha na Russian n'isi ụlọ ọrụ kpebiri ịhapụ Moscow. Napoleon banyere efu obodo. Ọ nọrọ n'ebe ahụ ruo ihe karịrị otu ọnwa. N'oge a anyị aghọwo Ugboro ikpe nke looting. Akụkọ nke agha nke 1812 nwere ike ime na-enweghị banyere ala morale n'etiti French agha, bụ ndị e fọrọ ekpochi a iju obodo n'agha. Napoleon fọdụrụ enweghị ego. Ke adianade do, na-aga n'ihu oyi, nke French ndị o doro anya na-adịghị njikere. Inweta Moscow enyeghị Napoleon dịghị usoro uru. O kpebiri iso ndịda maka oyi na a na-ekpo ọkụ ulo.

The ichighaazu nke French

Otú ọ dị, ya atụmatụ okpu. October 12 na French e meriri na Maloyaroslavets, mgbe nke e kpebiri agbahapụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Mgbe a na ogbo nke agha, ndị agha Russia na 1812 na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị agha okpuru, bụ ndị nọ na-esogbu na French. Napoleon nwere agbahapụ ka anāchi achi, nke o emebi a ọnwa ole na ole tupu. ụnwụ na ndị agha ya.

November 3 nso obodo nke Red na French, e meriri ndị agha nke Kutuzov na Miloradovich. Mgbe ahụ malitere a uka Ọpụpụ. N'ihi ya na-agwụ Agha 1812. Na nkenke, Napoleon miscalculated ike ha. Ke adianade do, ọ nọrọ oge bara uru mgbe ke nwere Moscow. On December 14, na nke ikpeazụ agha nke Grand Army ekpe Russia.

The uru nke agha

Results nke Agha nke 1812 idu ke eziokwu na Napoleon gbalịrị n'efu weghara Russia. Ọ na-aga n'ụlọ na ihe ọ bụla. Nke a nyere ọhụrụ mgbochi French mmekota, nke na-esote afọ mere ka Bonaparte meriri na Leipzig. N'oge na-adịghị ya na ikike osụhọ, na ọ gaa biri n'ala ọzọ.