Baltic iwe nke 1944 - usoro na-akpasu iwe nke Soviet agha. Ferdinand Schemer. Ivan Bagramyan

Baltic iwe - a agha agha, nke weere ọnọdụ na n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1944 na Baltic States. N'ihi nke ọrụ, nke a na-akpọ Nke asatọ igbu Stalin, bụ ntọhapụ nke Lithuania, Latvia na Estonia si German agha. Taa, anyị ga-ele anya na nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a na ime, ya mmadụ aka, ndị na-akpata na ya pụta.

General e ji mara

Na okwu nke agha na ndị ọchịchị nke Alaeze Ukwu nke Atọ Baltic States na-egwuri a ọrụ pụrụ iche. Ịchịkwa ya, ndị Germany na-enwe ike ịchịkwa isi akụkụ nke Baltic Sea na-ezirịta na Scandinavian mba. Ke adianade do, Baltic region kemgbe a isi ọkọnọ isi ke Germany. Estonian ulo oru kwa afo enye Alaeze Ukwu nke Atọ banyere 500 puku tọn mmanụ ngwaahịa. Ke adianade do, Germany natara si Baltic nnukwu ichekwa nri na-akọ ugbo ngwaọrụ. Ọzọkwa, adịghị ichefu eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị Germany na-eme atụmatụ ime site amaala bi Baltic na-ekwu na jupụta ya ha ụmụ amaala ibe. N'ihi ya, ọnwụ nke ndị na mpaghara a ka Alaeze Ukwu nke Atọ ghọrọ a oké njọ otiti.

Baltic iwe malitere September 14, 1944 na kere ruo 22 November nke otu afọ. E bipụtaghị ya bụ mmeri nke Nazi agha na ntọhapụ nke Lithuania, Latvia na Estonia. Na mgbakwunye na Germany, na Red Army megidere obodo rụkọrọ ọrụ. Ha isi olu (87000) esịne ke Latvian ndi luru agha. N'ezie, na-enye ezigbo iguzogide ndị Soviet agha, ha enweghi ike. Ọzọ 28 puku ndị a akụkụ nke Latvian battalions schutzmannschaft.

The agha gụnyere nke anọ isi arụmọrụ: Riga, Tallinn, na Memel Moonsund. Na ngụkọta, ọ e-egbu oge maka 71 ụbọchị. n'ihu obosara bụ banyere 1000 km na a omimi - banyere 400 km. N'ihi nke agha ìgwè nke ụsụụ ndị agha "North" e meriri, na atọ Baltic ekwu kpamkpam atọhapụ ndị mwakpo.

prehistory

The nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ na-akpasu iwe na ókèala nke Baltic, na Red Army na-akwadebe ọzọ n'oge nke ise Stalin iku - Belarusian arụmọrụ. N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1944, ndị Soviet agha ndị ike ịtọhapụ isi n'ókèala nke Baltic ebe na iji kwadebe onwe ya ntọala maka isi iwe. Site mbubreyo okpomọkụ, osụhọ a isi ego nke nzere e nke ndị Nazi na Baltic States. N'ebe ụfọdụ nke Soviet Union agha merela agadi 200 km. Operations rụrụ ke ndaeyo, ịgà ịrịba agha nke ndị Germany, nke mere ka o kwe imeri Belorussian Front akpatre a ìgwè nke ụsụụ ndị agha "Center" na-agbaji site na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Poland. Ịhapụ ndị na-eru nso ka Riga, Soviet agha niile ọnọdụ n'ihi na ihe ịga nke ọma ntọhapụ nke Baltic States.

atụmatụ nke agha

The Supreme Command ntụziaka Soviet agha (atọ Baltic n'ihu Leningrad n'ihu na Baltic Fleet) e tasked na-ekewa na-agbaji ndị agha otu "North", si otú ẹkesio Baltic ebe. Baltic asakde iso ese wakpoo Germany kwupụta Riga na Leningrad n'ihu wee Tallinn. Ihe kacha mkpa agha bụ a igbu na Riga direction, dị ka ọ ga-eduga ntọhapụ nke Riga - kasị ulo oru na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị center, usu nke mmiri na terrestrial nkwukọrịta nke Baltic States.

Ọzọkwa, Leningrad n'ihu na Baltic Fleet gwara mbibi ịkpa otu "Narva". Ebe ndibọhọ Tartu, Leningrad Front agha kwesŽrŽ gaa Tallinn na-emeghe ohere na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Oké Osimiri Baltic. Baltic Front e nyere ya iwu na-akwado Maritime ka iyi tojubigara ókè nke Leningrad agha, nakwa dị ka iji gbochie mbata nke reinforcements ndị Germany na ha esi kpọpụ mmadụ nile.

Agha Baltic Front-amalite ha tupu on 5-7 September, na Leningrad - 15 September. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ihe isi ike na nkwadebe maka usoro iwe ọrụ, ya si malite nwere na-yigharịrị maka a izu. N'oge a, ndị agha Soviet ekenịmde nyoputa onyeiro ọrụ, ụgbọala elu na ogwe aka na nri, na injinia dechara ewu nke zubere ụzọ.

agha nke ọzọ

Na ngụkọta, mkpofu nke Soviet agha, na-ekere òkè Baltic ọrụ bụ 1.5 nde mmadụ, ihe karịrị nde 3 nkeji nke armored ugbo ala, banyere 17 puku egbe na ogbunigwe, na ndị ọzọ karịa 2.5 nde ugbo elu. The agha e gara site 12 ụsụụ ndị agha, bụ fọrọ nke nta ezu mejupụtara nke anọ asakde iso ese nke Red Army. Ke adianade do, na-akpasu iwe bụ site Baltic arịa.

Ma, ndị agha Germany site na mmalite nke September 1944 otu ìgwè nke ụsụụ ndị agha "North" edu Ferdinandom Shornerom, gụnyere 3 tank ụlọ ọrụ na arụmọrụ otu "Narva". Na ngụkọta, ọ nwere 730 ọtụtụ puku ndị agha, ọtụtụ puku armored ugbo ala 1,2, 7 puku egbe na ogbunigwe na banyere 400 ugbo elu. Ọ bụ na-akpali mara na na ìgwè nke ụsụụ ndị agha "North" bụ ìgwè abụọ Latvians na-anọchite anya na-ebute ọdịmma nke ndị na-akpọ "Latvian Legion".

nkwadebe nke Germany

Site na nmalite nke Baltic arụmọrụ, ndị agha Germany na-ekpochapụ site na Ndida na-enwe na oké osimiri. O sina dị, ekele na Baltic bridgehead, ndị Nazi nwere ike ịta na Soviet agha iyi tojubigara ókè, agha. N'ihi ya, kama na-enwe na-ahapụ Baltic mba, ndị Germany na kpebiri nụ asakde iso ese e, kwem ọzọ chebe onwe kpọọ reinforcements.

N'ihi na Riga direction nke zara otu esịnede ise tank nkewa. E kweere na ndị Riga e wusiri ike ebe bụ irresistible na Soviet agha. Na Narva direction agbachitere bụ oké - atọ iji chebe onwe warara a omimi nke 30 km. Igbochi obibia Baltic arịa, ndị Germany ka a plurality nke mgbochi na Gulf na mined, ma ọwa tinyere ya n'ikperé mmiri.

Na August, na Baltic States ẹsịn a ole na ole nkewa na a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke usoro, si "jụụ" ngalaba nke n'ihu na Germany. Iji weghachite ọgụ ike nke ndị agha otu "North" ndị Germany na-emefu nnukwu ego nke ego. Ọgụ spirit "oboroniteley" Baltic bụ kama elu. The agha nnọọ dọọ aka ná ntị na anyị kwenyesiri ike na a mgbanwe na agha na n'ọdịnihu dị nso. Ha nọ na-eche reinforcements na onye na-eto eto agha na kweere na asịrị banyere ọrụ ebube ngwá agha.

Riga iwe

Riga iwe malitere na September 14 na biri October 22, 1944. Isi nzube nke na-arụ ọrụ bụ tọhapụ Riga bi na mgbe Latvia. Site na iji nke 1.3 nde Soviet agha na-etinye aka n'agha (119 égbè nkewa, otu ígwè na tank shells 6, 11 nakwa dị ka tank crews wusiri ike 3). Ha bụ ndị na-emegide site 16-nke na 18-nke na 3-1 nke Army Group "North". Onye kasị ukwuu Mmeri agha n'agha nka ruru 1st Baltic Front n'okpuru idu ndú nke Ivan Bagramyan. 14 ruo 27 September, na Red Army rụrụ agha. Iru milestone "Sigulda", nke ndị Germany ike ma sonyere ndị agha agbahapụ na n'oge ọrụ nke Tallinn, Soviet agha kwụsịrị. Mgbe nlezianya kwadebe October 15, na Red Army kpaliri ke a ngwa ngwa tupu. N'ihi ya, October 22 Soviet agha wee Riga na ọtụtụ Latvia.

Tallinn iwe

Tallinn iwe wee ebe site 17 ruo 26 September 1944. Ebumnuche nke a bụ ntọhapụ nke Estonia na, akpan akpan, isi obodo ya - n'obodo Tallinn. Site n'oge agha nke abụọ na asatọ Army nwere na ikwu na German otu "Narva" ịrịba space elu. Dị ka mbụ plan, ndị agha nke 2nd Shock Army ndị ọgụ na otu "Narva" sikwa n'azụ, na-ahụ ga-esochi ya bụ mgbe a batara of Tallinn. 8th Army bụ ọgụ ma ọ bụrụ na ndị agha Germany ga-aga n'ime ichighaazu.

September 17 2nd Shock agha wee ịrụ ya ọrụ. Ọ jisiri na-agbaji n'ime onye iro ihe nchebe 18-kilomita-ọdịiche nso Emajõgi River. N'ịmata mkpa nke Soviet agha, "Narva" kpebiri agbahapụ. N'echi na Tallinn kwuru onwe. The ike daba n'aka nke ala Estonian ọchịchị edu Otto tief. Na Central obodo ụlọ elu ya a kpọlitere abụọ ọkọlọtọ - na Estonian na German. A ụbọchị ole na ole souped ọchịchị ọbụna gbalịrị iguzogide ịka Soviet na alaghachi azụ German agha.

September 19 agha malitere 8th Army. N'echi ya, si Nazi ọ bụ tọhapụrụ atọhapụ obodo nke Rakvere, ebe ndị agha nke 8th Army sonyeere ndị agha na ndị agha nke 2nd Army. September 21 na Red Army tọhapụ Tallinn, na n'ime ụbọchị ise - niile nke Estonia (ma e wezụga n'ihi na ụfọdụ agwaetiti).

N'oge ọrụ nke Tallinn Baltic Fleet parachuted na Estonian n'ụsọ oké osimiri na n'akụkụ agwaetiti ọtụtụ nke ya nkeji. N'ihi na nkwonkwo agha nke agha nke atọ Reich ahụhụ a mmeri na Chile Estonia na dị nnọọ 10 ụbọchị. Na nke a, ihe karịrị 30,000 German agha gbalịrị, ma na-enweghị ike imebi site na Riga. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-n'agha na ụfọdụ ebibi. N'oge ọrụ nke Tallinn, dị ka Soviet data, banyere 30 puku German agha e gburu na banyere 15 puku - weghaara. Ke adianade do, ndị Germany na-efu 175 iberibe arọ ngwá.

Moonsund ọrụ

September 27, 1994 Soviet agha oru ịwa Moonsund, onye ọrụ bụ weghara Moondzunskogo akipelago na ya ntọhapụ site na mwakpo. The ọrụ kere ruo 24 November nke otu afọ. The kpọmkwem ebe ndị Germany gbachiteere 23 bipu Division, na battalion 4 nchebe. Si Soviet Union ná mkpọsa e abuana ke akụkụ nke Leningrad na Baltic asakde iso ese. Isi akụkụ nke agwaetiti nke akipelago a tọhapụrụ ngwa ngwa. N'ihi na eziokwu na Red Army họọrọ na-atụghị anya dobe-apụ mgbe n'ihi na ha mwakpo, na onye-iro nwere oge iji kwadebe agbachitere. Ozugbo ntọhapụ nke agwaetiti agha rutere na ndị ọzọ, ihe ọzọ disoriented ndị agha atọ Reich. The naanị ebe ndị Germany na-enwe ike kwụsị tupu nke Soviet agha, bụ Sõrve Peninsula nke agwaetiti nke Saaremaa, na ala ahụ dị warara nke ndị Germany na-enwe ike eme ka izu isii, ekekọta ala Soviet égbè agha.

Agha nke Memel

Nke a na ime ihe e rụrụ 1st Baltic na akụkụ nke 3rd Belorussian Front si 5 22 October 1944. Ebumnuche nke mkpọsa bụ ebipụ Army Group "North" si Eastern Prussia. Mgbe mbụ Baltic Front ada mara mma ọchịagha Ivana Bagramyana Riga ekpe na-eru nso, ọ na-eche a dị oké njọ onye iro na-eguzogide. N'ihi ya, e kpebiri nyefee ndị na-eguzogide na Memel direction. Nso n'obodo Siauliai Baltic Front agha regrouped. N'okpuru ọhụrụ plan nke Soviet iwu, na Red Army agha ndị na-agbaji agbachitere n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Siauliai na Palanga iru akara-Memel River Naman. The isi igbu dara na ntụziaka nke Memel, na sub - na Kelme-Tilzit.

The mkpebi nke Soviet otu ghọrọ onye zuru anya maka Alaeze Ukwu nke Atọ, nke na-atụ anya ka ịmalitegharịa ọgụ na Riga direction. N'ụbọchị mbụ nke agha Soviet agha mebiri site na-agbachitere na mikwuo emie dị iche iche ebe na a anya nke 7 na 17 kilomita. Site October 6 n'ọgbọ agha wee niile ndị agha ahụ e kwadebere tupu oge eruo, na October 10, ndị Soviet agha ebipụ Germany si East Prussia. N'ihi ya, n'etiti Alaeze Ukwu nke Atọ agha dabere na Courland na East Prussia, ọ kpụrụ a ọwara nke Soviet agha, emi esịmde a obosara nke 50 kilomita. Iji merie a warara onye iro, n'ezie, enweghi ike.

Site October 22, Soviet Army atọhapụ ndị Germany fọrọ nke nta dum dị n'ebe ugwu n'ụsọ osimiri Neman. Na Latvia, na onye-iro kewapụrụ na Courland Peninsula na ntukwasi-obi akpọchi. Memel na-arụpụta nke arụmọrụ nke Red Army merela agadi ruo 150 km, a tọhapụrụ ihe karịrị 26 000 km ² na ihe karịrị 30 niile.

n'ihu ihe

The na mmeri nke Army Group "North", gawa Ferdinandom Shornerom, mara mma arọ, bụ ezie na ọ na-agụnye ekpe 33 nkewa. Na Courland cauldron Third Reich ka furu efu ọkara nde ndị agha, nakwa dị ka a nnukwu ego nke na ngwá na ngwá agha. German Courland otu akpọchi na pinned na oké osimiri, n'etiti Liepaja na Tukums. Ọ na-aga ibibi, dị ka na-agbaji n'ime East Prussia na enweghị ike ma ọ bụ ikike. Na-atụ anya enyemaka dịghịkwa ebe. The Soviet iwe na Central Europe anọwo nnọọ ngwa ngwa. Ịhapụ akụkụ nke ngwá na onunu, nkụzị Courland kpọpụrụ site oké osimiri, ma ndị Germany jụrụ mkpebi dị otú ahụ.

The Soviet iwu nyeghịkwa ya ọrụ mgbe ọ bụla na-eri na-ebibi ndị na-enweghị enyemaka German otu, nke ugbua nwere ike emetụta ikpeazụ ogbo nke agha nke agha. Nke atọ Baltic Front disbanded, na mbụ na nke abụọ zigara Kurland mezue butere. N'ihi na mmalite nke oyi na ala atụmatụ nke Courland Peninsula (njupụta nke swamps na oké ọhịa) mbibi nke onye fasizim iche iche, nke gụnyere na Lithuanian rụkọrọ ọrụ, e-egbu oge ruo ogologo oge. Ọ gbagwojuru anya ọnọdụ ahụ site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na isi agha nke Baltic asakde iso ese (gụnyere General Bagramyan agha) e zigara isi e. Multiple ike ifufe nke dịịrị banye na mmiri ke ikpîkpu. Ndị Nazi bụ ọnwụ, na Soviet nkeji nwetara a siri ike enweghị ike. Na njedebe, agha ahụ biri na Courland cauldron naanị May 15, 1945.

pụta

Dị ka a n'ihi nke ọrụ nke Baltic, Latvia, Lithuania na Estonia a tọhapụrụ Nazi mwakpo. All meriri n'ókèala e guzobere ike nke Soviet Union. The Wehrmacht furu efu akụ isi na-emeri na isi, bụ nke dị ihe karịrị afọ atọ. Na Baltic nsoro ohere na-ebu arụmọrụ na German nkwukọrịta, nakwa dị ka ikpuchi ala agha si Riga na Gulf nke Finland. Ebe ndibọhọ ke Baltic ọrụ 1944 Baltic Sea, ndị Soviet Army ike ọgụ si flanks ndị agha nke atọ Reich, onye biri na East Prussia.

Ọ bụ uru arịba ama na Germany na-arụ mere ka oké njọ mmebi nke Baltic. Ruo afọ atọ na dominance bụ ndị Nazi kpochapụrụ ihe 1.4 nde nkịtị na mkpọrọ nke agha. Merụsịrị mebiri emebi aku na uba nke na mpaghara, obodo na obodo nta. Iji kpamkpam weghachi Baltic nwere eme oké ọrụ.