Byzantium: The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mbili na ọdịda

Alaeze Ukwu Rom, otu nke kasị ukwuu oge ochie ala formations, na narị afọ ndị mbụ nke oge anyị wee banye ojuju. Ọtụtụ ebo nile, na ala na ogbo nke mepere anya, ebibi ihe nke ihe-nketa nke ụwa oge ochie. Ma Ebighị Ebi City e kara aka na-anwụ: ọ di ndu na bịara n'ikperé mmiri nke Bosphorus na ọtụtụ afọ juru na ha dịkọrọ ndụ na ya n'ịma mma ya.

abụọ Rome

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke omume nke Byzantium na-ezo aka n'etiti III narị afọ, mgbe Eze Ukwu Rom ghọrọ Flaviy Valery Avreliy Konstantin, Constantine m (Ukwu). N'oge ahụ Roman obodo ama adọwa site esịtidem esemokwu na precipitated site mpụga iro. Ọnọdụ nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ anāchi achi ndị ọzọ ndabara ọma, na Constantine kpebiri ịkwaga isi obodo n'ime otu nke ha. Na 324, na n'ikpere mmiri nke Bosphorus Constantinople ewu malitere, na 330, ọ mara ọkwa dị ka ọhụrụ Rome.

Ebe ọ bụ na mmalite nke ya adị Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium, nke nwere a akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iri na otu narị afọ.

N'ezie, ihe ọ bụla mụ na steeti ala na-adịghị-atụle n'oge ahụ. N'ogologo ndụ ya, ike nke Constantinople na-ebelatawo, ọ regains ike.

Justinian na Theodora

N'ọtụtụ ụzọ, ndị ọnọdụ na mba dabeere na àgwà na-achị ya, nke n'ozuzu bụ ihe e ji mara nke na-ekwu na zuru onyeeze, nke diri Byzantium. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ya mmepe na-nwere njikọ chiri na aha Emperor Justinian m na nwunye ya, na Eze Nwanyị Ukwu Theodora (527-565.) - inyom na-nnọọ pụrụ iche na o doro anya na oké onyinye.

Site na nmalite nke V narị afọ alaeze ghọọ a obere Mediterranean obodo, na ọhụrụ eze ukwu nọ na ekwe echiche na-ịtụte ebube mbụ: o meriri nnukwu ókèala na West, nke nwetara ikwu udo na Persia na East.

History of Byzantium omenala na-nwere njikọ chiri na oge nke ọbubu-eze nke Justinian. Ọ bụ ekele ya na-elekọta taa, e nwere ihe ncheta nke oge ochie ije, dị ka a na ụlọ alakụba Hagia Sofia na Istanbul, ma ọ bụ na Church of San Vitale na Ravenna. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama rụzuru nke eze ukwu akụkọ ihe mere eme kweere na codification nke Roman iwu, nke ghọrọ ihe ndabere nke iwu na usoro nke ọtụtụ mba Europe.

ochie mores

Ewu na-adịghị agwụ agwụ agha chọrọ nnukwu expenditures. Emperor anọgide bulie ụtụ isi. The otu na-eto eto afọ ojuju. Na January 532, n'oge na omume nke eze ukwu na Hippodrome (ihe analogue nke Egwuregwu nke dị n'Ogige, nke nwere ike ịnabata 100 puku. People), riots daa, na-eto n'ime a nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ ntịme. Ọ jisiri na-ebelata nnupụisi nke na-enwetụbeghị ụdị obi ọjọọ: nnupụisi mekwara ka abịa Hippodrome, dị ka ma ọ bụrụ na maka mkparita uka, mgbe ahụ, kpọchiekwa ụzọ ámá ma gbuo onye ọ bụla.

Prokopiy Kessariysky akọ banyere ọnwụ nke 30 na puku ndị mmadụ. Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na okpueze nke eze ukwu nọ na-nwunye-ya Theodora, e ọ kwenyere Justinian njikere ọsọ ịnọgide na-agha, si ya ahọrọ ọnwụ gbapụ, "ndị eze ike - a mara mma shroud."

Na 565, alaeze ukwu gụnyere akụkụ nke Syria, Balkan, Italy, Greece, Palestine, Asia Minor na ugwu nke ụsọ oké osimiri Africa. Ma-adịghị agwụ agwụ agha emetụta ala nke mba ndị ahụ ikpe. Mgbe ọnwụ nke Justinian ókè-ala ọzọ malitere ịda mbà.

"Macedonian Renaissance"

The 867 bịara ike Vasily m, nchoputa nke Macedonian usoro ndị eze, nke adị ruo mgbe 1054. A oge akụkọ ihe mere eme na-akpọ "Macedonian Renaissance" na a na-ewere ndị kasị elu okooko nke ochie ala nke ụwa, nke n'oge ahụ Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọma omenala na okpukpe mmụba nke Eastern Alaeze Ukwu Rom, maara nke ọma na niile States of Eastern Europe: otu n'ime ndị kasị mara atụmatụ nke mba ọzọ amụma nke Constantinople bụ onye ozi. Ọ bụ ekele mmetụta nke Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium na East mgbasa alaka nke Kraịst, nke, mgbe chọọchị gbawara n'etiti na 1054 ghọrọ nkwenkwe ọdịnala.

European omenala isi obodo nke ụwa

The Art nke Eastern Alaeze Ukwu Rom nwere njikọ chiri anya na okpukpe. N'ụzọ dị mwute, n'ime a ole na ole narị afọ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukpe nọ n'ọkwá dị elu ike ikwere ma na ofufe nke dị nsọ oyiyi nke ikpere arụsị (ije na-akpọ iconoclasm). Na usoro a nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ a kpụrụ akpụ, frescoes na mosaics e bibiri.

Oké ụgwọ akụkọ Empire Arts Byzantium ofụri ya adị, a bụ ụdị nlekọta nke oge ochie omenala na mee ka mgbasa nke Gris oge ochie akwụkwọ Italy. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ kwere na bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi na nke ịdị adị nke New Rome ka o kwe omume Renaissance.

N'oge ọchịchị nke Macedonian usoro ndị eze nke Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium jisiri neutralize isi ihe abụọ ndị iro nke ala: Arab nọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na Bulgaria n'ebe ugwu. History n'elu ikpeazụ mmeri bụ nnukwu. N'ihi nke a na anya agha na onye-iro eze ukwu Basil II jisiri weghara 14,000 mkpọrọ. E nyere ya iwu iji zopu ha, na-ahapụ onye anya naanị bụla narị, mgbe ahụ ka na-aga nke mutilated ndị mmadụ n'ụlọ. Ịhụ ya ìsì agha, bụ Bulgarian Tsar Samuil ọrịa strok site na nke na ọ dịghị mgbe gbakee. Medieval mores bụ n'ezie oké.

Mgbe ọnwụ nke Basil II, akpatre nnọchiteanya nke Macedonian usoro ndị eze, akụkọ nke ọdịda nke Byzantium malitere.

Rehearsing mbubreyo

Na 1204, Constantinople mbụ nyefere n'okpuru mwakpo nke ndị iro: iwe ọma mkpọsa na "n'ala nkwa", Agha Ntụte ba n'obodo, mara ọkwa na e kere eke nke Latin Alaeze Ukwu na Byzantine ala na-ekewa n'etiti ndị French ndị oké ozu.

New mmụta adị ogologo oge July 51 1261 Constantinople enweghị a agha were Michael nke Asatọ Palaeologus, onye mara ọkwa revival nke Eastern Alaeze Ukwu Rom. Ọ tọrọ ntọala Byzantine usoro ndị eze chịa ya ruo mgbe daa, ma osisi ọ bụ mara mma pathetic. Ná ngwụsị nke ndị eze ukwu bi handouts si Genoa na Venetian ahịa, na ọbụna ndammana apụnara chọọchị onwe onwunwe.

Fall of Constantinople

Site na mmalite nke na XIV narị afọ ndị mbụ n'ókèala ndị na Constantinople, Thessaloniki na obere, gbasasịa enclaves Southern Greece. The sikwara ike njite mgbalị nke ikpeazụ Byzantine eze ukwu Manuel II Nweta agha nkwado si Western Europe bụghị ịga nke ọma. May 29, 1453, Constantinople meriri nke abụọ na oge ikpeazụ.

Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II renamed obodo Istanbul na isi Christian temple nke obodo, na Katidral nke St. Sophia ghọrọ a na ụlọ alakụba. Na ofufe nke isi obodo nke Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium okụrede, na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị kasị dị ike ochie ala kwụsịrị ruo mgbe ebighị ebi.

Byzantium, Constantinople na New Rome

Ọ bụ a ọchịchọ ịmata eziokwu ahụ bụ na aha "Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium" pụta mgbe ọdịda ya: nke mbụ ya pụtara na Ieronima Volfa ọmụmụ ugbua na 1557. Ihe omume ahụ bụ aha obodo nke Byzantium, Constantinople, na saịtị nke e wuru. Bi na-akpọ ya ọ bụghị nanị dị ka ndị Alaeze Ukwu Rom na ya onwe ya - Ndị Rom (Romeo).

The omenala mmetụta nke Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium na East mba Europe nwere nnọọ njikọ. Otú ọ dị, nke mbụ Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ onye malitere na-amụ a ochie ala, bụ YU. A. Kulakovsky. "History of Byzantium" na atọ mpịakọta e bipụtara na ná mmalite nke iri abụọ na narị afọ na kpuchie ihe omume na 359 nke 717 a afọ. Ke akpatre afọ ole na ole nke ndụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-adị njikere na-ebipụta nke-anọ olu nke ọrụ, ma mgbe ya na ọnwụ ya ihe odide ahụ na-ahụ na ọ bụ ekwe omume na 1919.