Homologous usoro

Na onwu, e nwere ìgwè dị iche iche nke organic bekee, ji yiri Njirimara na na-n'otu izugbe usoro, nke na-akọwa ụkpụrụ nke bughi ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọ bụla ụdi so aga na otu. Dị ka ihe atụ, a homologous usoro nke alkanes, alkenes, alkynes , ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. Nke a nomenclature dị mkpa nke ukwuu maka ọmụmụ ma ọ bụ omume nke ịkọ. N'ihi na organic bekee n'ime ìgwè ahụ, e nwere mgbe niile mgbanwe chemical na n'ụzọ anụ ahụ Njirimara, ha nile na-mekọrịtara na mgbanwe molekụla arọ.

Dịkwa mkpa bụ iwu na-akọwa otú Njirimara nke bekee na mgbanwe site otu ìgwè ọzọ. Iji ghọta ihe bụ a homologous series, kwesịrị ịtụle kpọmkwem ihe atụ. N'ihi na ìgwè ọ bụla nke ogige na-amụba ihe e ji mara okpomọkụ nke-agbaze (crystallization), esi (odide) na njupụta na-amụba molekụla ibu na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke carbon atọm na molekul.

Jupụta hydrocarbons na-akpọ paraffinic ma ọ bụ jupụta; ha na-anọchite acyclic (dịghị cycles) compound ogologo ma ọ bụ branched akụkụ, ndị atọm na ụmụ irighiri nke na-esonyere otu agbụ. Mkpokọta usoro bụ CnH2n + 2 na-akọwa a homologous usoro nke alkanes. Molekul ọ bụla ụdi so na-abawanye dị ka e jiri ya tụnyere gara aga otu C atọm na abụọ atọm ka H. jupụta hydrocarbons na-agụnye:

• methane;
• ethane;
• propane, na na.

N'ihi jupụta hydrocarbons na-agụnye cycloparaffins. Nke a bụ a nnukwu ìgwè organic ogige onye ụmụ irighiri na-mechiri emechi yiri mgbaaka. Homologous usoro nke ha nwere usoro CnH2n, amalite na chemical atọ carbon atọm. Ihe Nlereanya nke cycloparaffins:

• cyclopropane;
• cyclobutane;
• cyclopentane, wdg

Unsaturated ma ọ bụ unsaturated hydrocarbons nwekwara acyclic. Ndị a gụnyere ndị bekee nke nkịtị na-iso-Ọdịdị. Homologous usoro nke alkenes enwe izugbe usoro CnH2n. A ogige na-ji ọnụnọ nke onye abụọ jikọta carbon atọm. Ọ bụrụ na ndị gara aga n'usoro na-amalite na a hydrocarbon na a carbon atọm (methane), na-amalite na bekee na molekul nke nke nwere abụọ carbon atọm. Ihe Nlereanya nke alkenes:

• ethene;
• propyl;
• butene, na na.

Hydrocarbons na molekul abụọ carbon atọm ejikọrọ na Mmaji nkekọ na-ọzọ unsaturated, ma ọ bụghị kwuru na dị ka acetylene. Ha na-n'otu a homologous usoro nke alkynes. Ọ a kọwara nke usoro CnH2n-2 na-amalite na acetylene na usoro nke bụ abụọ atọm C. Ihe Nlereanya nke alkynes:

• ethyne;
• propyne;
• butyn-1 na na.

Unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons na nke molekul nwere ihe abụọ abụọ nkekọ na-akpọ diene. Ha nwere izugbe usoro CnH2n-2. Ha homologous usoro-amalite na a hydrocarbon na atọ carbon atọm na molekul. The abụọ agbụ nwere ike conjugated (iche iche site otu otu nkekọ) Cumulated (emi odude na n'akụkụ atọm) ma ọ bụ dịpụrụ adịpụ (iche iche multiple otu agbụ). Ihe Nlereanya nke dienes:

• 1,2-propadiene;
• 1,3-butadiene;
• isoprene, wdg

A pụrụ iche otu a kpụrụ site ọgwụ cyclic Ọdịdị na a molekul nke nwere a benzene mgbanaka. Homologous usoro nke ele mmadụ anya n'ihu aromatic hydrocarbon-amalite na compound na isii na carbon atọm - benzene. Homologues nke usoro isiokwu a na-kpụrụ n'ọnọdụ otu ma ọ bụ karịa hydrogen atọm bonded na benzene mgbaaka radicals. N'ihi ya, a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke bekee: benzene, toluene, xylene. Ọ bụrụ na molekul nwere ihe abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa substituents na-egosi na ọnụnọ nke isomers ndị a bekee. Ọzọ homologous usoro nke aromatics ii si naphthalene, anthracene, na ndị ọzọ na bekee.

Ọ bụrụ na ndị hydrocarbon molekul nwere a ọtọ otu, dị otú ahụ na na-emekwa a homologous usoro.

• Ọtụtụ alcohols ji enwe na a molekul a hydroxyl otu (-OH). N'ihi monoalcohols otu hydrogen atọm na acyclic hydrocarbon nnọchianya site a hydroxyl otu; ha usoro: CnH2n + 1OH. E nwekwara usoro nke polyols.
• Ọtụtụ phenols ji ọnụnọ ke molekul na a hydroxyl otu (-OH), ma ọ na-anọchi hydrogen na benzene mgbanaka.
• Ji a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke aldehydes kwa molekul nke chemical compound nke carbonyl otu (> C = O); aldehydes nke n'ozuzu usoro: R-Kra = O.
• A ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ketones na-akwanyere ya ùgwù site ọnụnọ nke carbonyl otu (> C = O), ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-ejikọrọ na aldehydes a buu, mgbe ahụ, abụọ ketones hydrocarbon buu. Ketones usoro: R1-CO-R2.
• A ọnụ ọgụgụ nke carboxylic asịd si dị iche na ndị ọzọ ọgwụ carboxyl otu, agwakọta carbonyl na hydroxyl iche iche. Formula - RCOOH.

N'ihi na n'ahịrị nke ọ bụla, ma homologous usoro aldehydes, carbonic (organic) asịd, alcohols ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ bekee, ha Njirimara ga-n'ụzọ dị ukwuu-adabere na ụdị ọtọ ìgwè na ndammana ịdị iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-amụba molekụla ibu bekee. Nke a nhazi ọkwa bụ a sara mbara klas nke chemical ogige aka ịghọta ọdịdị na-amụ ha Njirimara.