Carboxylic asịd nkịtị Njirimara. Salts nke carboxylic asịd

Fọrọ nke nta niile obibi nwere mmanya. Na ọtụtụ ndị na-mara na ọ dabere na acetic acid. Ma ọ bụ site chemical ele ihe anya? Olee ihe ọzọ organic ogige na usoro isiokwu a, e nwere na ihe ọ dị àgwà ha? Gbalịa ịghọta nke a nke na-enyocha ihe odide n'akụkụ monobasic carboxylic acid. Karịsịa ke ufọk na-eji ọ bụghị nanị na acetic, kamakwa ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na, na na na nkwekọrịta nke a asịd n'ozuzu Ugboro ọbịa ọ bụla n'ụlọ.

Ndị klas nke carboxylic asịd: a n'ozuzu nnyocha

Si ele ihe anya nke sayensị onwu, n'ihi na nke a na klas nke ogige gụnyere oxygen ụmụ irighiri ihe na nwere a akpan akpan nkụzị nke atọm - a carboxyl ọtọ otu. Ọ nwere ụdị -COOH. N'ihi ya, n'ozuzu usoro nke nwere niile ịgba monobasic carboxylic acid, bụ dị ka ndị: R-COOH, nke R - bụ a urughuru buu, nke nwere ike na-agụnye ọ bụla ọnụ ọgụgụ nke carbon atọm.

Dị ka nke a, definition nke klas nke ogige nwere ike e nyere na. Carboxylic acid - na-oxygenated organic ụmụ irighiri nke na-agụnye onye ma ọ bụ karịa ọtọ iche iche -COOH - carboxyl iche iche.

The eziokwu na ndị a bekee bụ kpomkwem na asịd, na-akọwa na agagharị nke hydrogen atọm na carboxyl. The elektrọn njupụta na-n'ụzọ na-ekwekọghị na-ekesa, ebe ọ bụ na oxygen - kasị electronegative otu. Site na nke a mmekọrịta na O-H ike ekewasị na hydrogen na-aghọ nnọọ ngwangwa. Ọ ga-adị mfe kewaa anya, na-abanye n'ime chemical Jeremaya mere. Ya mere acid kwekọrọ ekwekọ egosi inye a yiri mmeghachi omume:

• phenolphthalein - colorless;
• litmus - red;
• eluigwe na ala - acha uhie uhie;
• na methyl - acha uhie uhie na ndị ọzọ.

N'ihi na hydrogen atọm, carboxylic acid ngosi oxidizing Njirimara. Otú ọ dị, ọnụnọ nke ọzọ atọm-enye ha ohere naghachi na isonye na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na mmekọrịta.

nhazi ọkwa

E nwere ọtụtụ ihe isi e ji mara, nke na-ekewa n'ime iche iche nke carboxylic acid. The mbụ n'ime ha - bụ ọdịdị nke buu. Dị ka a na-akpata dị iche:

• Alicyclic acid. Ihe Nlereanya: quinic.
• Aromatic. Ihe Nlereanya: benzoic.
• Aliphatic. Ihe Nlereanya: acetic acid, acrylic acid, oxalic acid, na ndị ọzọ.
• Heterocyclic. Ihe Nlereanya: nicotine.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere njikọ na molekul, abụọ iche iche nke asịd nwere ike mata:

• ókè - niile agbatị naanị, otu;
• unsaturated - n'iru abụọ, otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ.

Ọ bụkwa ihe ịrịba ama nke nhazi ọkwa nwere ike ije ozi dị ka ọtọ iche iche. Ya mere, e nwere ndị na-esonụ na edemede.

1. Monobasic - nanị otu -COOH otu. Ihe Nlereanya: formic, stearic, butyric, valeric, na ndị ọzọ.
2. Dibasic - karị, abụọ COOH iche iche. Ihe Nlereanya: oxalic acid, malonic acid, na ndị ọzọ.
3. Multibasic - citric, lactic, na ndị ọzọ.

Mgbe e mesịrị na isiokwu a anyị ga na-amachi monobasic carboxylic asịd, aliphatic.

History of chọpụtara

Winery tọrọ na n'oge ochie. Dị ka a maara, onye nke ya na ngwaahịa - acetic acid. Ya mere, akụkọ ihe mere eme a ma ama nke a na klas nke ogige nke malitere site n'oge Robert Boyle na Ioganna Glaubera. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ekwe omume ịchọpụta a ogologo oge na chemical ọdịdị nke ndị a na ụmụ irighiri ihe.

N'ihi na a ogologo oge na-adịkwaghị vitalists echiche, ekwetaghị na-ekwe omume nke e guzobere organic enweghị dị ndụ dị. Ma na 1670 AD Ray jisiri nke mbụ nnọchiteanya - methane ma ọ bụ formic acid. O mere nke a site na kpo oku karama ke ndụ ndanda.

Mgbe e mesịrị na-arụ ọrụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na Kolbe Berzelius gosiri na o na-synthesizing ndị a ogige si inorganic bekee (distillation unyi). N'ihi acetic acid e nwetara. N'ihi ya carboxylic acid e mụọ (nkịtị Njirimara, Ọdịdị) na mmalite nke oghere nke ndị ọzọ nile na ndị òtù nke usoro nke aliphatic ogige.

nkịtị Njirimara

Taa, a zuru ezu na-amụ ihe niile ha na-anọchite anya. N'ihi na onye ọ bụla n'ime àgwà ndị a nwere ike dị na niile kwa, tinyere iji na ụlọ ọrụ na-anọkọ n'ihe okike. Anyị ga-atụle ihe kasị nke carboxylic asịd, anụ ahụ Njirimara nke ọzọ kwa.

Ya mere, e nwere ọtụtụ isi ihe e ji mara afọ.

1. Ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke carbon atọm na yinye adịghị gafere ise, ọ inikiet inikiet esi ísì, ibughari na obodo mmiri mmiri. N'elu ise - arọ, mmanu mmanu bekee, ọzọ - ike, waxy.
2. The njupụta nke mbụ na nke abụọ òtù dị ukwuu karịa otu. All ọzọ Mkpa ọkụ ka mmiri.
3. Esi ebe: dị elu nke yinye, ndị dị elu nke akara. The ọzọ branched Ọdịdị, otú n'okpuru.
4. -Agbaze uche: na-adabere na parity nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị carbon atọm na yinye. Y bụ ọbụna karịa iberibe n'okpuru.
5. Na mmiri, ọ dissolves nke ọma.
6. Nwere ike akpụ ike hydrogen agbụ.

Atụmatụ ndị a na-kọwara na Ọdịdị nke symmetry, na n'ihi ya lattice Ọdịdị, ike ya. The ọzọ dị mfe ma ahaziri molekul, n'elu na-egosi na-enye a carboxylic acid. Physical Njirimara ndị a ogige ekwe kọwaa ubi na ụzọ ha si eji na ụlọ ọrụ.

chemical Njirimara

Dị ka anyị ẹkedọhọde n'elu, acid data nwere ike na-egosi dị iche iche Njirimara. Mmeghachi omume ha dị mkpa maka ulo oru njikọ nke ọtụtụ ogige. Ịpụta ihe kasị mkpa chemical Njirimara nke nwere ike ịbụ monobasic carboxylic acid.

1. ^{Dissociation: R-COOH = RCOO - +} H +.
   
2. Ngosi acidic Njirimara, i.e. interacts na isi oxides na ha hydroxides. Na mfe ọla meghachi omume site ọkọlọtọ usoro (i.e., naanị ndị na-na hydrogen na electrochemical usoro).
3. Na ihe siri ike asịd (inorganic) na-akpa àgwà dị ka a isi.
4. Capable belata ka isi mmanya.
5. Special mmeghachi omume - esterification. Nke a mmekọrịta alcohols na-etolite a mgbagwoju ngwaahịa - Ester.
6. decarboxylation mmeghachi omume, ntụgharị mkpochapu compound carbon dioxide molekul.
7. Capable iwe iwe na halides nke ọcha dị ka site na sọlfọ ahụ.

O doro anya na, dị ka na achị carboxylic acid. Physical Njirimara, nakwa dị ka chemical, na-adị nnọọ iche iche. Ke adianade do, ọ ga-kwuru na n'ozuzu ike dị ka asịd, niile organic ụmụ irighiri na-kama na-adịghị ike tụnyere ha inorganic ogbo. Ha dissociation constants adịghị gafere na uru nke 4.8.

Ụzọ maka nkwadebe

E nwere ọtụtụ ihe isi ụzọ pụrụ inweta ihe odide n'akụkụ carboxylic acid.

1. laabu ọ na-eme site ọxịdashọn:

• alcohols;
• aldehydes;
• alkyne;
• ụlọ nyocha;
• mbibi nke alkenes.

2. Hydrolysis:

• esters;
• nitrites;
• amides;
• trigalogenalkanov.

3. Decarboxylation - mkpochapu CO ₂ molekul.

4. ulo oru njikọ a rụrụ site ọxịdashọn nke hydrocarbons na ihe carbon atọm na yinye. The usoro a rụrụ ọtụtụ nkebi ikwenyere a plurality nke byproducts.

5. ụfọdụ kpọmkwem asịd (formic, acetic, butyric, valeric, wdg) na-akwadebe site kpọmkwem ụzọ iji eke Efrata.

Basic compound ịgba carboxylic asịd: salts

Salts nke carboxylic asịd - mkpa ogige-eji na ụlọ ọrụ. Ha esi na mmekọrịta nke ikpeazụ na:

• ọla;
• isi oxides;
• amphoteric oxides ;
• alkalis;
• amphoteric hydroxides.

Mkpa karịsịa n'etiti ha bụ ndị ndị nke na-guzobere n'agbata alkali ọla sodium na potassium na elu ịgba asịd - palmitic, stearic. Mgbe niile ngwaahịa a na mmekọrịta - ncha, mmiri mmiri na ihe siri ike.

ncha

N'ihi ya, na ihe banyere ndị dị otú ahụ a mmeghachi omume: 2C ₁₇ H ₃₅ -COOH + 2Na = 2C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COONa + H _2,

dapụtara ngwaahịa - sodium stearate - ọ bụ site na okike a nkịtị ncha eji maka ịsa ákwà.

Ọ bụrụ na palmitic acid dochie, na potassium metal na ọ ga-potassium palmitate - ncha saa aka. Ya mere, anyị pụrụ iji obi ike ikwu na salts nke carboxylic asịd - nke a bụ n'ezie mkpa ogige nke organic okike. Ha n'ichepụta na ojiji nke a colossal na ọnụ ọgụgụ. Ọ bụrụ na ị ịche ncha emefu ọ bụla onye na Earth, ọ dị mfe iche na ihe ọtụtụ ndị a.

Esters nke carboxylic asịd

A pụrụ iche otu nke ogige, nke nwere ọnọdụ ndị labeling nke organic ogige. Nke a na klas nke esters. Ha na-kpụrụ mmeghachi omume nke carboxylic asịd na alcohols. Mbụ na nke mmekọrịta ndị dị otú - na esterification mmeghachi omume. General echiche nwere ike na-anọchite anya ndị akụkụ:

^{R, -COOH + R "-OH =} R, -COOR" + H ₂ O.

Product na abụọ radicals bụ Ester. O doro anya na, dị ka a n'ihi nke mmeghachi omume a carboxylic acid, na mmanya, Ester na mmiri undergone ịrịba mgbanwe. N'ihi ya, hydrogen doo si acid ụmụ irighiri n'ụdị a cation na osobo na hydroxy otu site na mmanya na-kewaa anya. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, ndị mmiri molekul a kpụrụ. Nkụzị fọdụrụ na acid buu-ewe ihe karịrị si mmanya akpụ Ester molekul.

Gịnị dị mkpa otú mmeghachi omume ndị a na ihe ndị azụmahịa uru nke ha na ngwaahịa? Ihe bụ na esters na-eji dị ka:

• ekwukwa n'akwụkwọ Mmeju;
• flavors;
• mejupụtara akụrụngwa nke ísì;
• solvents;
• akụrụngwa varnishes, ágbá, plastik;
• ọgwụ na na.

O doro anya na ubi nke iji na-n'obosara iji yie ndị ziri ezi mmepụta ke ụlọ ọrụ.

Ethanoic acid (acetic)

Nke a ịgba monocarboxylic aliphatic acid, nke bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ewu ewu na usoro nke mmepụta n'ụwa nile. Ya usoro - Kra ₃ COOH. Ndị dị otú ahụ juru ebe nile ọ ẹsiode ya Njirimara. Mgbe niile, na ubi nke na ojiji bụ sara mbara nke ukwuu.

1. Ọ bụ a nri mmako n'okpuru E-260 koodu.
2. Ọ na-eji na-emepụta ihe oriri maka ichebe.
3. Ọ na-eji na nkà mmụta ọgwụ maka njikọ nke ọgwụgwọ.
4. Akụrụngwa na nkwadebe odoriferous ogige.
5. Mgbaze.
6. Soò na usoro nke na-ebi akwụkwọ, dyeing akwa.
7. The mkpa mmiri na chemical syntheses Jeremaya mere plurality of bekee.

Na a ndụ nke ya 80-percent ngwọta na-akpọ acetic isi, ma ọ bụrụ na itughari ya 15%, ị ga-esi dị nnọọ mmanya. Net 100% ice acetic acid a na-akpọ.

formic acid

The mbụ na mfe nnọchiteanya nke a na klas. Formula - HCOOH. Ọzọkwa a nri mmako n'okpuru E-236 koodu. Ya eke na isi mmalite:

• ndanda na aṅụ;
• uke;
• agịga;
• mkpụrụ.

Isi ebe nke were:

• maka ichebe na njikere nke na nri anụmanụ;
• Ọ na-eji maka akara nke nje ndị ọzọ;
• maka dyeing akwa etchant akụkụ;
• dị ka a mgbaze;
• bleach;
• na nkà mmụta ọgwụ - maka disinfection ngwá egwú na akụrụngwa;
• na-emepụta carbon monoxide na laabu.

Ọzọkwa na ịwa ahụ nke a acid ngwọta na-eji dị ka antiseptics.