Esters: general e ji mara na ngwa

Esters of - nnọchi ngwaahịa nke hydrogen atọm nke hydroxyl iche iche nke carboxylic asịd na ịnweta asịd na carbon buu. Ịmata Ọdịiche mono-, di- na polyesters. idi mono, di- na polybasic asịd, monobasic asịd na - zuru na acid esters. Aha Ester mejupụtara a aha, aka na ya guzobere acid na mmanya. N'ihi esters, ugboro ugboro ji ebe a na-adịchaghị mkpa ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nomenclature. Dị ka IUPAC nomenclature aha esters ii dị ka ndị a: iri a buu aha mmanya e kwukwara ka a hydrocarbon asịd aha na-agwụcha -oat. Ka ihe atụ, bughi formulas nke esters (na isomers metamers) kwekọrọ ekwekọ na molekụla usoro S4N802, site dị iche iche nomenclatures na-aha ya bụ: propilformiat (propilmetanoat) izopropilformiat (izopripilmetanoat), ethyl acetate (etiletanoat) melpropionat (methylpropanoate).

Nkwadebe nke esters. A ogige na-ekesa na ọdịdị. N'ihi ya, esters nke ala molekụla ibu ma na-ajụ carboxylic asịd homologous usoro bụ akụkụ nke mkpa mmanụ nke ọtụtụ osisi (e.g., uksusnoizoamilovy Ester ma ọ bụ "ube kachasi mkpa", nke bụ akụkụ nke pears na ọtụtụ agba), na esters nke glycerol na elu ọdụdụ asịd - chemical ndabere nke niile abụba na mmanụ. Ụfọdụ esters na-kwadebere synthetically.

The esterification mmeghachi omume na-ewe ebe site na mmekọrịta nke carboxylic (ma ịnweta) asịd na alcohols. The mkpali-eme dị ka a ike ịnweta acid (akacha eji H2S04). The mkpali molekul activates carboxylic acid.

The mmeghachi omume ọnụego esterification adabere nakwa na metụtara OH otu (isi, nke abụọ ma ọ bụ tertiary) na ihe ọ bụla carbon atọm na chemical ọdịdị nke acid na-aba n'anya na hydrocarbon yinye Ọdịdị, nke a na-ejikọta ya na carboxyl.

Hydrolysis nke esters. The hydrolysis mmeghachi omume (saponification) esters - bụ reverse mmeghachi omume nke esterification. Ọ na-aga nwayọọ nwayọọ. Ọ bụrụ na agbakwunyere na mmeghachi omume ngwakọta, ngwakọta nke ịnweta asịd ma ọ bụ alkalis, ya ike ọsọ na-abawanye. Alkali saponification-ewe ebe a puku ugboro ngwa ngwa karịa asịd. The esters na-hydrolyzed na alkaline ajụ, na ethers - na acid.

N'elu kpo oku esters na alcohols na ọnụnọ nke acid sulphate ma ọ bụ alcoholates (alkaline ajụ) alkoxy mgbanwe emee. Nke a Nleta a ọhụrụ Ester, na mmeghachi omume na-ajụ na-laghachi mmanya, nke mbụ bụ na ụdị residues na Ester molekul.

Esters Mbelata mmeghachi omume. Mbenata mmadụ bụ Ọtụtụ lithium aluminum hydride, sodium na esi mmanya. Esters nke elu iguzogide ihe dị iche iche oxidants eji chemical njikọ ma ọ bụ analysis iji chebe mmanya na phenolic iche iche.

Esters isi na-anọchite anya. Ethyl ethanoate (acetic ether) na-enwetara site na esterification mmeghachi omume nke ethanol na acetate acid mkpali ( acid sulphate). Ethyl ethanoate eji dị ka ihe mgbaze nke cellulose nitrate na mmepụta nke Ahịhịa anwụrụ na gunpowder, na foto film, mkpụrụ essences mmiri maka nri ụlọ ọrụ.

Izoamiletanoat (uksusnoizoamilovy ether, "ube kachasi mkpa") bụ ukwuu soluble na ethanol, diethyl ether. Acetate na-akwadebe site esterification nke asịd na isoamyl mmanya. Izoamilmetilbutanoat eji dị ka a flavor akụrụngwa na perfumery na dị ka a mgbaze.

Izoamilizovaleriat ( "apple" kachasi mkpa, izovalerianovoizoamilovy ether) na-enwetara site omume na esterification isovaleric acid na isoamyl mmanya. Sị na Ester eji dị ka mkpụrụ essences na nri ụlọ ọrụ.