Emergency geological agwa nkenke

Emerụ ahụ ala ọma jijiji, mudslides, mbuze, nkume Falls, snow, karst phenomena na a draft nke ụwa elu - niile ndị a ọdachi metụtara geological ọdịdị nke mberede. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọdachi nwere ike buru amụma, ọtụtụ ike. Ma na-amụta iwu nke omume n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ọ dị mkpa site na nwata. Isiokwu a nwere ike bara uru ka a onye nkụzi bụ nchịkọta nke ihe nke ndụ nchekwa "mberede geological agwa."

ala ọma jijiji

Mberede agbanwerịta ibe na etịbede jikọrọ ọnụ na elu uwe, nke utịp ke ịma jijiji si ụwa elu vibrations-ebute site ná karịrị anya dị ka na-agbanwe vibrations - a ala ọma jijiji. geological uwa nke a mberede plan-emekarị-eme atọ n'ụzọ - fortshoki, isi push na aftershocks.

Pushing onwe ha na-eche oge n'etiti abụọ dị nnọọ iche. Main e ji ikike kasịnụ na oge ọ na-abụkarị nanị ole na ole sekọnd, ma ndị mmadụ aghọta na ọ dị ka nnọọ ogologo. Aftershocks emepụta ihe ndị ọzọ echiche ujo: ndị mmadụ na-eche na-apụghị izere ezere nke nhụsianya, shackled site egwu, adịghị ejekwa ozi, ọ dị mkpa iji chebe ma na-ele anya maka odi mfe ebe.

ike n'ihe

E nwere, ebe isi ike ntọhapụ na olu nke Ụwa strata, bụ ala ọma jijiji. Hypocenter, ma ọ bụ na-elekwasị anya na ọ na - notional uche na isi nke center, na ntule nke hypocenter n'elu - ebe oria a kachaa gburugburu nke e nwere ihe ndị kasị ọtụtụ mbibi. Land bụ mgbe naanị, ọ bụla afọ otu ala ọma jijiji dere ọtụtụ narị puku, ma na ha bụ otú na-adịghị ike n'ihi na ọtụtụ akụkụ, ndị mmadụ na-adịghị ọbụna na-achọpụta.

Nke ahụ abụghị ọdịdị nke geological ọdachi. Ihe, nke jikoro osisi ike nke ala ọma jijiji, na ebubo site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmebi n'elu. Ọ bụ ihe kasị ọtụtụ ebe e ji ọtụtụ Richter na International ọnụ ọgụgụ maka atụ ike nke ala ọma jijiji. A ịdị ukwuu a na-akpọ ihe e ji mara nke ngụkọta ike nke na-agbanwe vibrations na mere ka nke a ọdachi.

Ala ọma jijiji na Russia

Na ókèala nke mba anyị abụọ na asatọ pasent nke ala ọma jijiji na-agbakarị ebe bụ zuru ezu. The kasị geological agwa nke Mberede aa na Kamchatka, na Baikal region, n'ebe ndịda Siberia, na Kuril Islands na North Caucasus. Nchedo ọdachi ndị dị otú bụ a dị oké egwu, ihe ịma aka. Anti-seismic ihe na-kewara abụọ iche iche - ịdọ aka ná ntị na rụrụ ozugbo tupu nakwa n'oge ala ọma jijiji. Mgbochi - bụ mgbochi, nke a rụrụ n'ihu iyi egwu bịara ọdachi.

Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ onu na nke e nwere geological Mberede nke eke agwa, na-ekpughe ha usoro, mata niile harbingers nke ọdachi na ịzụlite amụma ụzọ. Na mgbe "égbè eluigwe ka wupu", ị dị nnọọ mkpa iji zọpụta ndị mmadụ - tọrọ atọ n'ụlọ ha, enweghị ebe obibi. Localities na ụlọ ọrụ iji wuo ewere n'ime akaụntụ seismic nkwụsi ike nke region - a na mbụ. Ma ọ bụghị oké ihe ọjọọ dakwasịrị ga-eme ka ọdachi geological agwa, ihe atụ nke Armenian Spitak eleghi anya na-adịghị anya echefu. The bi ga-akụziri otú na-akpa àgwà, larịị nke nzukọ nke nnapụta arụmọrụ ga-abụ ruo par. Warning usoro - otu n'ime ndị isi ọnọdụ nke enweghị ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ahụ tara.

ọkọ

Na ogbu mmiri nke ụwa bụ mgbe nile na-arụsi ọrụ ike Filiks, bụ nke na-bụ mgbawa ugwu ahụ. Mgbawa egwu abụọ na narị nde mmadụ, bụ ndị na-ebi ndụ kwa nso ehighị ụra agbọpụta ọkụ. Emergency geological agwa ya, nke anyị na-ahụ ọbụna n'oge ochie (Pompeii), jikọtara ya na ije nke magma na ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ, ya bụ, na volcanism. Magma - Grik "oké ude" - a wụrụ awụ silicate uka, ie nkume, red-ekpo ọkụ ịmị ke kasị elu okpomọkụ ke ogbu nke Earth.

Ọ bụrụ na ndị a pụta magma rute elu, dị ka a n'ihi nke nnukwu nsogbu n'ime ugwu na-amalite, na-acha ọkụ ọkụ ka iyi nke mmiri mmiri nkume n'elu mmiri na ala, na-ebibi ihe niile dị ya ụzọ. Nke a na-akpọ lava, ya bụ, magma si nke pụrụ a nnukwu dịgasị iche iche nke, haruru, mgbe mgbe, nsí ọ bụla dị ndụ ihe, were ya na ha na-a ọtụtụ kilomita na-adịgide adịgide na-emechi na ìhè anyanwụ ash ígwé ojii.

Agbọpụta ọkụ na Russia

E ji mara geological agwa Mberede, dị ka ọkọ nwere ike nyere nghọta zuru ezu nke uwa nke a onu. Na ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ mgbe e guzobere planet na obi jụrụ ya kpụrụ ọtụtụ ọwa na cracks, ebe magma abịa nnọọ nso ka elu. Na ụfọdụ ebe nke magma ulo nile, nke dị na a omimi nke banyere iri isii kilomita, dị ka a n'ihi nke nnukwu nsogbu ọ na-amalite wụsa magma. Ebe ọ bụ na-agbọpụ ọkụ na-guzobere - freestanding ugwu, kere onwe ha site na ngwaahịa nke ya eruptions.

E nwere atọ ụdị nke agbọpụta ọkụ: ihe nwuchapu, dormant na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Ụra bụ a na-edochaghị anya iyi egwu, n'ihi na ihe ọmụma banyere ha eruptions mmadu n'ebe ahụ, ma obodo ala ọma jijiji n'okpuru ha ka na-eme, ya bụ, n'oge ọ bụla mgbe tryahnot ike, na ugwu mgbawa pụrụ ịkpọte. Nwuchapu - adịghị ejekwa agbọpụta ọkụ, ha na-ọbụna nke ukwuu mgbe furu efu ha udi. Active kwa bụ ihe na-ewetara ihe ize ndụ na echiche nke puru nke ọkọ.

Yelostounsky ọzọ supervolcanoes

E supervolcanoes, dị ka Yellowstone na US. on Earth banyere iri abụọ dị otú ahụ. Ha na-ehi ụra n'ihi na a ogologo oge - mgbe ụfọdụ ọtụtụ nde afọ. Ma mgbe m na-eteta, na-abịa agaghịkwa obodo eke geological agwa nke mberede. Ihe Nlereanya nke ice afọ na-ekwu okwu mpịakọta. The ikpeazụ ugwu mere na New Zealand, iri abụọ na puku asaa gara aga. Ash ekpuchi ala multimeter oyi akwa na-kpuchie anyanwụ ka a afọ ole na ole. A tọhapụrụ n'ime ikuku nke iri na abụọ na narị square kilomita.

ịta nke ash ọbụna nke ot ugwu mgbawa bụ mgbe ụfọdụ nnọọ ukwuu nke na a ụbọchị ole na ole uru nke ọchịchịrị n'abalị. Mgbe ahụ n'abalị wee n'elu ụwa nile, na ọ kere bụghị ụbọchị na afọ. Plus atọ ijeri tọn sọlfọ dioxide na ikuku resounded n'elu fọrọ nke nta ka ụwa dum. Na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid mmiri ozuzo malitere, n'okpuru nke ahịhịa ndụ niile na-anwụ. Earth-efu mgbe ahụ ka iri-na-ise percent nke ụdị nnụnụ naanị. Ndị na-ebi na ụbọchị ndị a - a measly iri na ise pasent nke mbụ ya ịma mma. Na isi ihe na-alụ ọbụna ndị na-emebu ifịk ugwu mgbawa bụ fọrọ nke nta agaghị ekwe omume, na-akpọte n'ụra site na supervolcano ọbụna ọsọ ga-arụ ọrụ - ebi. Ugbu a-agbalị aha geological ọdịdị nke ọdachi njọ karịa nke ahụ.

Mbuzo

Mbuze ime na mba anyị ofụri ebe ebe e nweghị flatness nke odida obodo. Types of geological agwa nke Mberede dị ọtụtụ ma iche iche, na mbuze na-adịghị ihe kasị dị ize ndụ. Ọ bụ ezie na na-atụghị anya - e. Gịnị mere ọ na ala n'okpuru arọ nke pụta slide ala a oke ugwu mkpọda na ugwu nta, slide, ebube, oké osimiri, ọdọ na osimiri mpụga?

The kwụsie ike nke mkpọda bụ jijiji n'ihi na relatedness nke oké nkume ma ọ bụ ala bụ ihe ijuanya na ihe na-erughị ike nke ike ndọda. Nke ahụ bụ mgbe ná mkpọda bụ malitere. Ọ bụghị otú ahụ nnukwu ọdachi, nke gburu ọtụtụ puku mmadụ, ma imezi bụ nnọọ ukwuu: obibi bibiri, lie nkwurịta okwu, tunnels na paịpụ adịghị adị, ndị ọzọ ọkụ netwọk na ekwentị Gịnị.

Gịnị na-akpata mbuze

Ihe ndị nwere ike ime ka a Mbuzo, nwere ike dị iche iche, na nke ukwuu mgbe a na-akpata bụ ụmụ mmadụ anya. Nke a mmiri ịkpụ ala, mbibi nke ahịhịa (igbukpọsị oké ọhịa), ma ọ bụ ịgbanwe ụdị n'ugbo, na weathering na, ọzọ, ala ọma jijiji, na-eme mbuze fọrọ nke nta mgbe. E nwere atọ ụdị - ngwa ngwa, ọkara na ngwa ngwa. Naanị na ngwa ngwa mbuze gburu ọtụtụ mmadụ. Ma e nwere ndị dị iche iche na omimi nke eji elu: obere - ise mita, n'elu - ruo a mita miri - ruo iri mita na, ya, miri nnọọ emi - ihe karịrị iri abụọ.

Power entrained uka nke oké nkume elu, kwa: obere mbuze ruo iri puku square mita nke ala, nnukwu ruo a nde. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị naanị n'ụwa e nwere ndị dị otú ahụ Mberede nke eke geological agwa. Ihe Nlereanya-egosi oké mbibi nke mbufịt, nke na-akacha na-guzobere dị ka a N'ihi ya nke ihe mmiri n'okpuru osimiri Mbuzo, nke, n'aka, mere mgbe ndị ala ọma jijiji. Emeghasịkwa nke sediments na shelf n'ọnụ dị nnọọ ukwuu. Na Scotland, mgbe a Mbuzo kwaturu ahịa na niile rasstoyaniivosmidesyati kilomita site n'ụsọ oké osimiri.

sill

Ọzọkwa mmetụta nke ala ọma jijiji, gryazekamennye jupụtara n'ọgba aghara aga na osimiri ndị na-akwa kinetic ike na ndị na-agba ihe karịrị iri na ise kilomita kwa awa. Power banyere nwekwara ekewa iche iche: ma ọ bụrụ na mwepụ nke irighiri eruba pụta ihe karịrị otu narị puku cubic mita, ọ bụ ike mudflow, e nwekwara na-ajụ - ka statysyach, na-adịghị ike - na-erughị iri puku cubic mita nke ọha mmadụ.

Ize ndụ nke idei mmiri na juru ha anya, a nnọọ eto ngwa ngwa na oge nke na mgbe ụfọdụ karịa awa asatọ. Ha nwere ike ịkọ ya na ihe ịga nke ọma site n'inyocha ihe kwuru. Wuru pụrụ iche haịdrọlik owuwu na selezaderzhivaniya selenapravleniya. Main - bụghị bee osisi na ugwu na-enweghị gwara mgbọrọgwụ usoro enwekwu ihe ize ndụ nke na-arahụ ugboro ugboro.

nnukwu

Snow ida, a nnukwu uka nke na-ada ma ọ bụ ukwu si n'ugwu mkpọda na-adọkpụrụkwa ihe na ọzọ ibu. Na Europe, omume nke ndị bi na geological ọdịdị nke mberede bụ nnọọ nzube, ma e nwere nnukwu kwa afọ ọgwụgwụ ihe karịrị otu narị ndụ. The ike ibibi nke nnukwu dị nnọọ elu, n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe kinetic ike. Kewara ọdịdị nke ha ije na-awụlikwa elu, paseeji na nrida.

Snow na-guzobere tumadi na treeless mkpọda, ebe ná mkpọda nke karịa iri na ise degrees, ma ihe mgbe ọ na-adị na iri atọ ma ọ bụ iri anọ. Ọ bụrụ na ná mkpọda bụ ihe karịrị iri ise degrees, na snow na-guzobere, dị ka snow na-na-asa ụkwụ nwayọọ nwayọọ. Speed ọ pụrụ ịbụ oké ọnụ - karịrị otu narị mita kwa nke abụọ. Ịkọ nnukwu agaghị ekwe omume. Snow Mkpokota na ize ndụ ebe nanị gbara, nākpasu nzukọ ma ọ bụ na-ama ụma ịfụ.

ida

Nkpoda na mkpọda ugwu ndị dị ize ndụ na ọbụna collapses mgbe detached na-ada nnukwu ìgwè mmadụ na nke nkume dị ka a n'ihi nke ọnwụ nke ya ike n'ezi site weathering ma ọ bụ site na mmiri - elu ma ọ bụ n'okpuru ala, si nkọ mgbanwe okpomọkụ na ndị ọzọ eke ihe.

Akpasu mbuze na ajọ ifufe na oké ifufe, ala ọma jijiji na nkà na ụzụ na-eme, ọbụna ndị ndọda mmetụta nke ọnwa. Na 1995 a nnukwu Mbuzo mere na Ingushetia, ogologo nke otu narị na iri ise mita, obosara - iri, na omimi - banyere iri ise mita, e nwere iri na isi na ndị e gburu. Ịkọ snow nwekwara agaghị ekwe omume.

Afterword

Scientific na teknuzu ọganihu kwesịrị ekwesị ata ụta maka eziokwu na ọ bụghị nanị na ike chebe ndị na technosphere site mberede na ọdachi, ma, on Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-akpalite ha. Number nke tara nke afọ-on-afọ-abawanye nke 4.3%, na ndị ahụ tara nke na-agbawa obi na-emere onwe dị ukwuu site 8.6% kwa afọ. Economic weere na-eto eto.

Nsogbu a bụ a zuru ụwa ọnụ otu. Akawanye njọ eke mbibi na-abịa site na-abawanye nke anthropogenic mmetụta na eke ụwa, enweghi uche ojiji nke akpọkwa aku na uba, na-ezighị ezi resettlement nke ndị mmadụ, enweghị nlekota nke gburugburu ebe obibi, anam idem emem nke ala usoro nke chọpụtara nke ọdịdị nke phenomena, ndị ogbenye ọnọdụ nke na-echebe engineering akụkụ, afforestation. Ọ dị mkpa ka ala ọma jijiji engineering. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ndị mmadụ ga-eche na-echebe n'oge geological ọdịdị nke mberede. Nkenke ma ọ bụ na nkenke na-ekwu banyere nke a nke agaghị ekwe omume.