Energy gas turbines. Cycle gas turbines

Gas tobaim osisi (GTP) mejupụtara otu, dịtụ kọmpat ike mgbagwoju, agaghi asu paired ọrụ ike tobaim na generator. The usoro na ọtụtụ-eji na-akpọ ala-na-ike. Great maka ike na okpomọkụ ọkọnọ nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ, ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na ndị ọzọ na-eji ọkụ. A, gas tobaim arụ ọrụ na mmiri mmiri na mmanụ ụgbọala ma ọ bụ gas.

Cutting-Edge

The ike nke ike-amụba ikike eduga ọrụ na-aga a gas tobaim osisi na ha bụ evolushọn - jikọtara okirikiri gas tobaim (CCGT). N'ihi ya, US ike osisi ebe ọ bụ na n'oge 1990s, ihe karịrị 60% nke ọsọ ọsọ na-modernized ụlọ ọrụ na-ama-eme ka gas turbines na CCGT, na ná mba ụfọdụ òkè ha ruru 90% na afọ ụfọdụ.

A ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu na-wuru a mfe gas tobaim. Gas tobaim osisi - mobile, echekwa iji rụọ ọrụ na mfe ịrụzi - bụ ihe kacha mma na-ekpuchi elu ibu. Mgbe uzo nke narị afọ (1999-2000) na ngụkọta ikike gas turbines ruru 120,000 MW. N'ihi na ha tụnyere, na afọ 80 na ngụkọta ikike ụdị usoro bụ 8000-10 000 MW. A ịrịba akụkụ nke gas tobaim (60%) bu n'obi na-arụ ọrụ na nnukwu ọnụọgụ abụọ jikọrọ-okirikiri osisi na nkezi ike nke banyere 350 MW.

ya mere eme

The n'ọnụ ndabere maka ojiji nke jikọtara-okirikiri teknụzụ e mụọ na ụfọdụ zuru ezu na mba anyị ná mmalite '60s. Ugbua n'oge ahụ o doro anya na izugbe N'ezie nke mmepe nke ike usoro e jikọtara ya na jikọtara okirikiri technology. Otú ọ dị, ha ịga nke ọma, mmejuputa iwu-a chọrọ ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na elu-arụmọrụ gas turbines.

Nke ahụ bụ ezi ọganihu mata oge a gas tobaim ike usoro a qualitative itu ukwu. A ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị mba ọzọ ụlọ ọrụ ọma-edozi nsogbu nke na-eke oru oma anyịnya gas turbines mgbe anụ ụlọ isi ọwụwa na-eduga òtù na ọnọdụ nke a iwu na aku na uba na-akwado nke ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ elu uzuoku tobaim technology (PTU).

Ọ bụrụ na 60s arụmọrụ nke gas tobaim osisi guzo 24-32%, ke mbubreyo 80 kacha mma ume anyịnya gas turbines ama arụmọrụ (maka standalone ojiji) 36-37%. Nke a kwere ka ha ike ndabere nke PGU onye arụmọrụ bụ 50%. Site na mmalite nke ọhụrụ na narị afọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ bụ 40%, na na njikọ na ngụkọta okirikiri - na na 60%.

Tụnyere nke uzuoku-tobaim na jikọtara-okirikiri osisi

The jikọtara okirikiri osisi dabeere na gas turbines, na kacha nso n'ezie atụmanya bụ iji nweta 65% arụmọrụ ma ọ bụ karịa. N'otu oge ahụ maka uzuoku tobaim nkeji (mepụtara na USSR), naanị na ikpe nke na-aga nke ọma ngwọta nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbagwoju na nkà mmụta sayensị nsogbu metụtara ọgbọ na ojiji nke supercritical uzuoku kwa, ị pụrụ ịdabere na arụmọrụ nke karịa 46-49%. N'ihi ya, arụmọrụ nke uzuoku tobaim jikọtara okirikiri usoro adịghị ida.

Budata ala karịa Goodbye-tobaim ike osisi dị ka na-eri na oge iwu ihe. Na 2005, ndị zuru ụwa ọnụ ike ahịa, ego nke 1 kW 200 MW CCGT na n'elu bụ $ 500-600 / kW. N'ihi na PSU nta ikike uru bụ na nso nke 600-900 $ / kW. Ike gas turbines-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi $ 200-250 / kW. Na ọnụ na unit ike nke price na-abawanye, ma ọ dịghị na-emekarị gafere $ 500 / kW. Ndị a ụkpụrụ ndị a nta nke ndị na-eri nke a kilowatt nke ike uzuoku tobaim usoro. Ka ihe atụ, price kwa arụnyere kilowatt na condensing uzuoku tobaim ike osisi àmà site $ 2000-3000 / kW.

Scheme gas tobaim osisi

The osisi mejupụtara atọ bụ isi nkeji: a gas tobaim combustor na ikuku Compressor. Na niile nkeji na-enịm ke prefabricated otu ngwugwu. The rotors nke Compressor na turbines jikọọ ọ bụla ọzọ ọnwụ, nādabere na biarin.

Mere ndokwa gburugburu combustion ulo nke Compressor (e.g., 14 PC.), Onye ọ bụla na ya iche iche ụlọ. N'ihi mbanye na Compressor ikuku mmiri si gas tobaim ikuku ụjọ site iyuzucha anwụrụ. Dabere na ike gas tobaim casing akwado, enịm symmetrically na a otu etiti.

ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe

Na ọtụtụ gas tobaim nrụnye iji na-aga n'ihu combustion ụkpụrụ ma ọ bụ na-emeghe okirikiri:

• Ná mmalite, na-arụ ọrụ ọmụmụ (ikuku) pumped n'okpuru ikuku mgbali iche Compressor.
• Ọzọ, elu-igwe na-abịakọrọ na a elu nsogbu na zigara combustion ụlọ.
• Ọ na-ọnọ na mmanụ ụgbọala nke a na-ọkụ a mgbe nile na-enwe nrụgide, huu a mgbe nile na-enweta okpomọkụ. N'ihi combustion nke mmanụ ụgbọala enwekwu okpomọkụ nke na-arụ ọrụ ahụ.
• Ọzọkwa, na-arụ ọrụ ọmụmụ (ugbu a na ọ bụ a gas nke bụ ngwakọta nke ikuku na combustion ngwaahịa) aga na gas tobaim ebe ọ kọwakwuru ka ikuku nsogbu, anamde bara uru ọrụ (amama ndị tobaim, site electric ike).
• Mgbe gas tobaim atara n'ime ikuku site na nke ndị ọrụ okirikiri na closes.
• The dị iche n'etiti tobaim na Compressor hụrụ ihe electric generator mere ndokwa na a nkịtị aro na tobaim na Compressor.

Dabara Adaba intermittent combustion

N'adịghị ka aga constructive atụmatụ, abụọ valves na-eji combustion osisi discontinuous kama otu.

• The Compressor nfuli ikuku n'ime combustion ulo via a mbụ valvụ mgbe nke abụọ valvụ na-emechi.
• Mgbe nsogbu adahade na combustion ulo, mbụ valvụ na-emechi. Olu nke ime-ulo-emechi.
• Mgbe emechi ndammana valves ọkụ na mmanụ ụgbọala na a-ulo, ya combustion na-ewe ke mgbe nile olu. N'ihi ya, na-arụ ọrụ ọmụmụ nsogbu na-n'ihu ụba.
• Next, nke abụọ valvụ na-emeghe ma na-arụ ọrụ ọmụmụ na-ọnọ na gas tobaim. The mgbali upstream nke tobaim ga-nwayọọ nwayọọ belata. Mgbe ọ dị nso ikuku mgbali, nke abụọ valvụ ga-emechi, na-akpa na-emeghe ma na-ekpeghachi nzọụkwụ.

Cycle gas turbines

Mbịne ndị bara mmezu nke a thermodynamic okirikiri, ndị na-emepụta ga-emeso a ọtụtụ na-agaghị emerili oru mgbochi. Ndị kasị atụ: uzuoku iru mmiri karịa 8-12% ọnwụ ke eruba ngalaba nke uzuoku tobaim abawanye sharply, na-amụba ike ibu, ozize emee. Nke a mesịrị na-eduga ná mbibi nke ndị na-eruba nke tobaim.

N'ihi nke a na-agaghị emeli na ike (n'ihi na ọrụ) na-n'ọtụtụ ebe na otú anya naanị abụọ bụ isi thermodynamic okirikiri: okirikiri Rankine na Brayton okirikiri. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ike osisi dabeere na a Nchikota ihe nke ndị a cycles.

Rankine okirikiri a na-eji na-arụ ọrụ oke mmiri, nke n'oge okirikiri mmezu ime adọ mgbanwe n'okpuru ndị dị otú ahụ na-arụ ọrụ okirikiri uzuoku ike osisi. N'ihi na-arụ ọrụ n'ahụ ha, nke ike-condensed ke ata ụwa, na nke anyị na-akpọ, haruru eji Brayton okirikiri. Dị ka a okirikiri arụ ọrụ gas turbines na esịtidem combustion engines engines.

The mmanụ ụgbọala na-eji

Ihe ka nnọọ ọtụtụ nke gas turbines na-iji na-arụ ọrụ na eke gas. Mgbe ụfọdụ a na mmiri mmiri na mmanụ ụgbọala na-eji na ala-na-ike usoro (dịkarịa ala - na nkezi, nnọọ adịkarịghị - nnukwu ike). A ọhụrụ na-emekarị nke mgbanwe na-aghọ kọmpat gas tobaim usoro iji siri ike fuels (coal, osisi na peat obere). A na-metụtara eziokwu na usoro gas bụ a bara uru akụrụngwa n'ihi chemical ụlọ ọrụ, na ya iji bụ mgbe ihe na-eri-irè karịa na ike. Production nke gas turbines na nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị irè na ihe siri ike mmanụ ụgbọala, bụ inweta ọkụ.

DIC iche GTU

The isi ihe dị iche nke esịtidem combustion engines na gas tobaim usoro bụ dị ka ndị. The esịtidem combustion engine usoro nke mkpakọ nke ikuku, combustion na mmụba nke combustion ngwaahịa ime n'ime otu bughi mmewere, kwuru na dị ka engine cylinder. The GTU ndị a Filiks na-na-arụ na iche iche bughi ọnụ:

• mkpakọ na-rụrụ ke Compressor;
• combustion, karị, na a pụrụ iche ulo;
• ịgbasa combustion ngwaahịa a rụrụ na a gas tobaim.

Dị ka a n'ihi nke constructive gas turbines na esịtidem combustion engine a nta yiri, ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ na yiri thermodynamic cycles.

ọgwụgwụ

Na mmepe nke ala-na-ike, na-amụba ya arụmọrụ nke gas turbines na ọrụ aka usoro ekpuchi onye na-amụba na-ekere òkè na n'ozuzu ike usoro na ụwa. Ntem, ọzọ na ndị ọzọ ina ekwe ọrụ ome machiini gas turbines. Ịgbaso Western mmekọ a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Russian emepụta mụtachara mmepụta nke-eri-irè tobaim nrụnye ụdị. The mbụ jikọrọ okirikiri ike osisi nke ọgbọ ọhụrụ na Russian Federation aghọwo North-West Kwes Ike Osisi na St. Petersburg.