Fahrenheit: ihe jikọrọ temometa na akwụkwọ dystopia Ray Bradbury

Converted okpomọkụ ọnụ ọgụgụ aha mgbe German physics Gabriel Daniel na Asaa narị afọ Fahrenheit (1686-1736). Ọkà mmụta sayensị kere a temometa, n'ihi na nke chọrọ a usoro na mfe tụọ amalite. The kasị nso anya n'etiti ngwa oru nkewa a na-akpọ "degrees Fahrenheit" na nsọpụrụ nke nchepụta. Nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-now na-eji obere ugboro ugboro n'ihi na nke ntughari ka 70 ies nke XX narị afọ na International Units (SI) usoro. Ihe Ọmụma nke iwu nke nyefe nke otu unit ọzọ ga-enyere mma ịghọta ihe ọ pụtara nke aha nchụàjà nke Ray Bradbury si "Fahrenheit 451" bi ndị mba ebe ojiji nke metric usoro naanị.

Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit

German na-eme nchọpụta G. Fahrenheit A mụrụ Danzig, na-arụ ọrụ ná ndụ ya niile na physics nwere, mepụtakwara ngwaọrụ eji na metrology. Na 1710, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị amalitela guzosie a okpomọkụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na a ngwaọrụ odomo kpo oku na obi jụrụ ahu. Otu nke na-amalite ihe na-arụ ọrụ a bụ chọpụtara nke ala nke a ngwakọta nke ice na mmiri na evaporation nke mmiri n'okpuru reflux.

The ngwá ji atụ okpomọkụ Fahrenheit ada ụba mmanya na mercury. Na mwepu nke mmiri mmiri metal - ọ freezes na ala okpomọkụ. Gabriel Fahrenheit mgbe niile zuo okè ya ngwá, a họpụtara na Royal Society na England. N'otu oge e chere na site German physics thermometers irretrievably efu. E nwere nanị abụọ ufodu, ma e mesịrị hụrụ a atọ nke mbụ ngwaọrụ, mepụtakwara ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị.

Ngwaọrụ maka atụ okpomọkụ

Dị iche iche thermometers e nwere banyere 500 afọ, nsọpụrụ nke na-eke ndị a dị mkpa ngwá na-ekewa n'etiti ndị kasị ukwuu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke Middle Ages. The mbụ samples e unsuccessfully họrọ amalite na ọnụ ọgụgụ, na site na iji iche iche nkewa "price" thermometers ndị na-achọghị ná ndụ kwa ụbọchị.

Gabriel Fahrenheit si n'uru idu ke eziokwu na o mepụtara oge a na ụdị ngwá n'ụzọ ziri ezi tụọ ọnụ ọgụgụ. The nchọpụta na-atụ aro ka si malite mgbanwe n'ime ice mmiri, ya esi ebe gaa na akaụntụ. Modern home thermometers na-asụ Bekee mba ndị dị ka obere mepụtakwara na Middle Ages, bụ ugbu a na-akara na-etinyere na nso si 0 ka 132 ° F (degrees Fahrenheit).

okpomọkụ ọnụ ọgụgụ

The kasị mkpa parameters nke ọnụ ọgụgụ kere Fahrenheit:

• Point 0 ° F - bụ okpomọkụ na nke ice bụ;
• 32 ° F --agbaze ice na reverse mgbanwe - na ihe siri ike ala;
• 212 degrees Fahrenheit - esi mmiri.

Fahrenheit malitere denoted ° F mgbe mepụtara nke temometa. Swedish nchọpụta Anders Tselsy ihe ezi karịa ya German counterpart, guzosie ike a mmiri okpomọkụ nke mgbanwe dị iche iche nchịkọta-ekwu. Na ọnụ ọgụgụ chọrọ site Swedish ọkà mmụta sayensị, kwa, ọ bụ a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 100, ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na-agbaze nke ice. N'oge esi ebe mmiri 0 degrees Celsius nakweere. Ihe karịrị 250 afọ agaala kemgbe oge mgbe nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ agbanwe: mgbanwe okpomọkụ ice mmiri na-iwere dị ka 0 Celsius C, na ya esi ebe e wepụtara na onuogugu 100.

Isi okpomọkụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na metric usoro

Kemgbe afọ 1960, ọtụtụ mba na-eme ka mgbanwe na metric usoro, nke abụọ akpịrịkpa na-eji: Celsius na Kelvin. The kasị nkịtị na-adị kwa ụbọchị ndụ, na art Meteorological thermometers, nke na-agba nkerisi Celsius, na-atụle n'ịtụgharị kasị terrestrial okwu - mmiri. The Kelvin ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eji na nnyocha sayensị, mmalite okpomọkụ bụ akwụkwọ steeti ahụ na nke ọ nwere kasị nta esịtidem ike. The United States na Britain na-n'ụzọ zuru ezu Switched International Units (SI) usoro. Na ndị a na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-asụ Bekee mba iji thermometers na dị iche iche ọtụtụ.

Tụlee okpomọkụ

The okpomọkụ Fahrenheit e nwere onye na nkeji si 0 Celsius 100 Celsius. Nke a otu gbalaga na Celsius ọnụ ọgụgụ nkeji kwekọrọ si -18 Celsius 38 Celsius. The Kelvin ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eji echiche nke "zuru efu." Nke a okpomọkụ, nke bụ -273,2 ° C ma ọ bụ -459,7 Celsius F. Nwere ike sụgharịa ma 451 degrees Fahrenheit, nke ego na 233 Celsius C.

Iche iche okpomọkụ nwere ike converted n'ime onye ọ bụla ọzọ, na ina nke ndị a mgbawa na US na UK, ebe Standardization usoro na ọtụtụ ebe nke nnyocha sayensị na mmepụta jụrụ iji Fahrenheit ọnụ ọgụgụ, ma ọ bụ ka na-ahụkarị na n'ụlọ. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, ndị bi English-na-ekwu okwu mba converted Fahrenheit ka Celsius, ebe ọ maara na okpomọkụ nkeji nke 1 ° C bụ 1,8 Celsius F.

Rey Bredberi "Fahrenheit 451"

Up ruo mgbe 1960 na Fahrenheit ọnụ ọgụgụ bụ na-asụ Bekee mba, bụ-eji na climatology, ọgwụ, ụlọ ọrụ na-adị kwa ụbọchị ndụ. Ya akwụkwọ Rey Bredberi gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1953, na epigraph gosiri na 451 degrees Fahrenheit - akwụkwọ flash ebe. The isi ngwaahịa nke dike bi na anya n'ọdịnihu na-arụ ọrụ "ọkụ", ma ọ dịghị agha ọkụ, na-enwu ọkụ akwụkwọ.

American classic Sci-Fi genre gị akwụkwọ dystopia raara nye nsogbu nke omume nhọrọ, mgbochi aka ike na usoro, onye nke na XX narị afọ bụ fasizim. Mgbe na-abịa na ike na Germany, Adolf Hitler malitere mbibi nke ọba akwụkwọ, na-ere ọkụ nke akwụkwọ. N'ụzọ dị otú a, ndị Ndú chọrọ ikpochapụ ụdị nile nke dissent, nnukwu ụmụ amaala ibe Nazi echiche ndị Nazi. Converted okpomọkụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na anụ ahụ nke ukwu - degrees Fahrenheit - bụ nwayọọ nwayọọ ihe gara aga, ma echiche zụlitere na akwụkwọ ndị ka mkpa.