International nomenclature nke alkanes. Alkanes: Ọdịdị, Njirimara

Ọ bụ uru na-amalite na a definition nke alkanes. Nke a jupụta ma ọ bụ jupụta hydrocarbons, paraffins. Anyị nwekwara ike na-ekwu na ọ carbons nke compound C atọm a rụrụ site n'aka mfe mmekọahụ. The n'ozuzu usoro bụ nke ụdị: CnH₂n + 2.

Ọ maara na ndị ruru nke H na C atọm na ha irighiri dị ka o kwere mgbe tụnyere klas ndị ọzọ. Nyere na niile valences na-arụ ma ọ bụ C, ma ọ bụ H, na chemical Njirimara nke alkanes owụt gbaa ezu, ya mere, ha abụọ aha sikwa okwu ịgba ma ọ bụ jupụta hydrocarbons.

e nwekwara a ọzọ oge ochie aha na kasị mma na-egosipụta ha ikwu himinertnost - paraffins, nke sụgharịrị n'aka "enweghị mmekọrita".

Ya mere, isiokwu nke anyị taa mkparịta ụka: "Alka: homologous series, nomenclature, Ọdịdị, isomerism". Ga-ugbu data banyere ha nkịtị Njirimara.

Alkanes: Ọdịdị, nomenclature

Na ndị a C atọm ndị dị otú ahụ a na steeti dị ka sp3-hybridization. Ya mere alkane molekul nwere ike gosiri dị ka a set of tetrahedral owuwu C, nke ejikọrọ bụghị nanị n'etiti onwe ha ma na-na H.

N'agbata C na H atọm bụ ugbu inogide, nnọọ ala pola s-nkekọ. Atọm gburugburu otu nkekọ mgbe bugharia dị ka a N'ihi ya nke alkanes ụmụ irighiri iri ụdị dị iche iche, nke ogologo nke njikọ, na n'akuku n'etiti ha - bụ constants. Iche-iche, nke na-agbanwe ghọọ onye ọ bụla ọzọ n'ihi na adiana nke molekul, nke pụtara gburugburu σ-agbụ, kwuru na dị ka ya conformation.

Na usoro nke detachment si H atọm nke molekul Nleta a 1-valent ahụ na-akpọ hydrocarbon radicals. A ogige bụ n'ihi bụghị naanị organic ogige ma inorganic. Ọ bụrụ na wepụ abụọ hydrogen atọm si a hydrocarbon molekul ịgba, otu obtains 2-valence radicals.

N'ihi ya alkanes nwere ike ịbụ nomenclature:

• radial (ochie version);
• Nnọchi (mba, Ịhazi). Ọ chọrọ site IUPAC.

Karịsịa radial nomenclature

Ke akpa idaha nomenclature alkanes na-ji dị ka ndị a:

1. Echiche hydrocarbons dị ka nkwekọrịta nke methane, nke a na nnọchianya site 1 ma ọ bụ karịa H atọm radicals.
2. The elu ogo mma na ikpe nke na-nnọọ mgbagwoju ogige.

Akụkụ nke nnọchi nomenclature

Nnọchi nomenclature alkane nwere ndị na-esonụ atụmatụ:

1. The ndabere maka aha - 1 na carbon yinye, na ndị fọdụrụ molekụla iberibe na-ewere dị ka substituents.
2. Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ọtụtụ yiri radicals n'ihu ha aha na-egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ (nditịm na okwu), na buu nọmba iche site na commas.

Chemistry: nomenclature nke alkanes

N'ihi na mma, ozi adade ke tabular ụdị.

The n'elu nomenclature alkanes agụnye aha mbụk na-guzobere (akpa 4 okwu nke usoro jupụta hydrocarbons).

Ebe a nondeployed alkanes na 5 ma ọ bụ karịa C kpụrụ si Greek numerals atọm nke na-egosi a nyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atọm C. N'ihi ya -en suffix na-egosi na isi ihe nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke jupụta ogige.

Na-eru na utu aha gbapụ alkanes dị ka isi yinye họrọ onye na e dere ihe karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atọm C. Ọ na-agukọta nke na substituents nwere kasị nta nọmba. Ọ bụrụ na abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa n'agbụ nke hà n'ogologo na-aghọ isi otu nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke substituents.

isomerism nke alkanes

Ka hydrocarbon-nchoputa nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke omume methane CH₄. Na onye ọ bụla nnọchiteanya nke methane usoro hụrụ dị iche na gara aga methylene otu - CH₂. Ụkpụrụ a ike deere ofụri usoro nke alkanes.

German ọkà mmụta sayensị Schill tinye n'ihu a amaghị aha nọmba nke homologous. Si sụgharịa Greek pụtara "yiri, dị ka."

N'ihi ya, homologous usoro - a set nke yiri organic ogige ndị nwere otu ụdị Ọdịdị na nso himsvoystvami. Homologs - òtù nke usoro. Homologous dị iche - methylene otu nke abụọ dị iche iche n'akụkụ homologue.

Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, ọ bụla mejupụtara nke jupụta hydrocarbon nwere ike kwupụtara n'ozuzu usoro CnH₂n + 2. N'ihi ya, na-eso methane bụ onye so na homologous usoro nke ethane - C₂H₆. Iji ikwubi na Ọdịdị nke methane, ọ dị mkpa na-eji dochie H atọm na 1 CH₃ (ọgụgụ n'okpuru).

Ọdịdị nke ọ bụla ụdi homologue nwere ike ewepụtara n'elu na n'otu ụzọ ahụ. Dị ka a n'ihi nke ethane kpụrụ propane - C₃H₈.

Gịnị bụ isomers?

Ndị bekee nwere ihe yiri qualitative na quantitative molekụla mejupụtara (yiri molekụla usoro) ma dị iche iche chemical owuwu ma na-enwe dị iche iche himsvoystvami.

Ji hotara na mbụ hydrocarbons na ndị dị otú ahụ oke ka esi okpomọkụ: -0,5 Celsius - butane, -10 Celsius - isobutane. Nke a ụdị isomerism kwuru na dị ka carbonaceous ọkpụkpụ isomerism, ọ na-akọ na bughi ụdị.

The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke bughi isomers enwekwu ngwa ngwa na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke carbon atọm. N'ihi ya, C₁₀H₂₂ ga-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi isomers 75 (bụghị gụnyere ohere), na maka 4347 C₁₅H₃₂ ama mara isomers, maka C₂₀H₄₂ - 366.319.

Ya mere ugbua o doro anya na ndị dị otú ahụ a alkanes, homologous series, isomerism, nomenclature. Ugbu a ọ dị mkpa iji gaa iwu maka IUPAC aha.

IUPAC nomenclature: The aha nke akwụkwọ

Firstly, ọ dị mkpa iji chọta a Ọdịdị nke a hydrocarbon carbon yinye, bụ nke nwere ọtụtụ ogologo na karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke substituents. Mgbe ahụ chọrọ nọmba ndị yinye C atọm, malite na ọgwụgwụ, nke bụ ezigbo substituent.

Nke abuo, ndabere - aha nke unbranched jupụta hydrocarbon, nke kwekọrọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị C atọm bụ isi yinye.

Nke atọ, tupu ntọala ga-ezipụta lokantov ụlọ, nke na-emi odude nso ndị nnọchiteanya eze. E dere ha hyphenated aha alternates.

Fourthly, bụrụ na nke yiri substituents on dị iche iche atọm C lokanty ọnụ, ebe tupu aha ba uba nganiihu: di - abụọ yiri substituents atọ - atọ, tetra - anọ, penta - ise, wdg osise .. ha ga-iche site na a rikoma, na site na okwu - hyphen.

Ọ bụrụ na otu na otu C atọm dị nnọọ abụọ substituents lokant nwekwara dere ugboro abụọ.

Dị ka ndị a iwu, na guzobere mba nomenclature nke alkanes.

Newman nke ntule

Nke a American ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụ aro maka graphic ngosipụta conformations pụrụ iche ntule usoro - Newman ntule. Ha ederịta akwụkwọ ozi ahụ forms A na B na C na-egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'okpuru.

Ke akpa idaha of A-kpuchiri conformation, mgbe nke abụọ - B-gbochie. Na ọnọdụ A H atọm na-emi odude na a kacha nta anya n'ebe onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Nke a na ụdị kwekọrọ na kasị uru nke ume n'ihi na eziokwu na ihe kasị repulsion therebetween. Nke a energetically ọjọọ ala, adịru molekul nēche na-ahapụ ya, na ime ka a ọzọ mụ ọnọdụ B. Lee H atọm nke kacha dị anya n'ebe onye ọ bụla ọzọ. N'ihi ya, ike dị iche nke ndị a ndokwa - 12 King James Version / mol, ka free adiana gburugburu axis nke molekul ethane, nke ejikọ ndị methyl iche iche nwetara mkpumkpu. N'otu oge, ke energetically mma ọnọdụ nke molekul na e nwere na-egbu oge, na ndị ọzọ okwu, "breeki". Ọ bụ ya mere ọ na-akpọ nkwarụ. N'ihi -. 10 puku ethane ụmụ irighiri na-na ụdị nke eru conformation nyere ụlọ okpomọkụ. Naanị otu onye nwere a dị iche iche udi - kpuchiri.

Nkwadebe nke jupụta hydrocarbons

Si isiokwu ya a mụtara na a alkanes (Ọdịdị, nomenclature nke ha kọwara n'ụzọ zuru ezu na mbụ). Ọ ga-abụ n'ekpere na-enyocha ha ụzọ nke nkwadebe. Ha na-amịpụtara si eke na isi mmalite ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka mmanụ, eke gas, metụtara gas, coal. Na-emetụtakwa sịntetik ụzọ. Ka ihe atụ, H₂ 2H₂:

1. The usoro nke hydrogenation nke unsaturated hydrocarbons: CnH₂n (alkenes) → CnH₂n + 2 (alkanes) ← CnH₂n-2 (alkynes).
2. Monoxide si a ngwakọta nke C na H - syngas: nCO + (2n + 1) H₂ → CnH₂n + 2 + nH₂O.
3. Site carboxylic asịd (salts ya): electrolysis na anode na cathode:

• Kolbe electrolysis: 2RCOONa + 2H₂O → R-R + 2CO₂ + H₂ + 2NaOH;
• Dumas mmeghachi omume (alloy na alkali): CH₃COONa + NaOH (t) → CH₄ + Na₂CO₃.

1. Cracking mmanụ: CnH₂n + 2 (450-700 Celsius) → CmH₂m + 2 + CN-mH₂ (nm).
2. Gasification nke manu (siri ike): C + 2H₂ → CH₄.
3. Njikọ nke mgbagwoju alkanes (halogenated) nke nwere a ntakiri nọmba nke atọm C: 2CH₃Cl (chloromethane) + 2Na → CH₃- CH₃ (ethane) + 2NaCl.
4. Mgbasawanye mmiri methanide (metal carbides): Al₄C₃ + 12H₂O → 4Al (OH₃) ↓ + 3CH₄ ↑.

The nkịtị Njirimara nke jupụta hydrocarbons

N'ihi na mma, na data na-grouped na table.

ọgwụgwụ

Isiokwu e weere na ihe dị otú ahụ dị ka alkanes (Ọdịdị, nomenclature, isomerism, homologous usoro na na.). Ọ na-agwa anyị a dị nta banyere atụmatụ nke radial na nnọchi nomenclatures. Ụzọ a kọwara maka inweta alkanes.

Ke adianade do, isiokwu ndị e depụtara n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ihe niile nomenclature nke alkanes (ule nwere ike inyere assimilate ozi).