Feofan Grek: ihe na akara ngosi nke "Anyị Lady nke Don"

Na 1370 o siri na Byzantium ma biri na Novgorod iri atọ icon ese aha ya bụ Theophane. Novgorod nyere ya aha otutu Grik - na na ọ bụ ebe a mụrụ ya yiri, na Russian okwu nwe mgbe niile mgbagwoju anya na nke Grik. Mgbe ọ ga-agọzi, ọ malitere egosipụta Nnwogha ụka nke nēguzo Ilyina n'okporo ámá, gosiri anya n'anya Novgorod dị ka ebube oyiyi nke primeval agha na nwetara ya otuto, ọ bụghị pomerknuvshaya ruo ugbu a.

Iconographer s Bosfora mben

Na ndụ nke Feofana Greka nọgidere obere ọmụma. Ọ maara na ọ gara Volkhov dị na Volga na Nizhny Novgorod, na mgbe ahụ na Serpukhov na Kolomna, ruo mgbe ọ gara biri na Moscow. Ma n'ebe nile, n'ebe ọ bụla ọ na-eduzi ụkwụ, na-ahapụ n'azụ a mara mma na-ese ụlọ arụsị enyocha na chọọchị akwụkwọ na akara ngosi na aghọwo apụghị iru nlereanya ka ọtụtụ ọgbọ nke ndị nka.

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na site n'oge mgbe o biri ndụ na-arụ ọrụ Feofan Grek, bụ narị afọ isii, anyị lanahụrụ ọtụtụ nke ọrụ ya. Eserese a ekwuola Novgorod Church of nnwogha, na frescoes na mgbidi nke Kremlin Cathedrals - Onyeisi Ndị Mmụọ Ozi na Annunciation na Church of Anyị Lady nke Ọmụmụ Kraịst. Ma, ndị ọzọ karịa na na-àkù nke mba art agụnye dere ya ahịhịa icon, ndị kasị ama nke bụ onyinyo nke agọzi Virgin Mary, we rida na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka "The Virgin nke Don."

Onyinye Prince Dmitry Donskoy

Na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a kasị ama wizard nọgidere otú obere mara na n'etiti ndị na-akatọ Baịbụl gosiri a dịgasị iche iche nke echiche na ụbọchị na ebe nke ya ide. E nwere ọbụna ndị na-arụ ụka, na-agbalị-aka nke chepụtara Theophanes (na ha chere, nsọ iru-ese site na otu nke ya ụmụ akwụkwọ). Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na a ogologo oge e a omenala ka dokwara dabeere na akụkọ ihe mere eme ihe na-edeghị ede na omenala, dị ka nke ya Feofan Grek kere a masterpiece, me otú ruo mgbe 1380.

N'ihi gịnị? The pụrụ ịchọta azịza na "akụkọ ihe mere eme na nkọwa nke Moscow Donskoy Obibi", chịkọtara 1865 site ama ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere I. E. Zabelinym. On ya peeji nke, na-ede akwụkwọ kwuru na ihe odide ochie, nke kwuru okwu banyere otú tupu Agha nke Kulikov Cossacks me ka Grand Duke Dmitriyu Donskomu onyinyo nke agọzi Virgin Mary, site na nke ukwuu Queen nke Eluigwe nyere Orthodox agha ume na obi ike na-esi merie villains.

Banyere ọnọdụ nke Don Nne nke Chineke ka e merisịrị Mamaia on Kulikovo ubi na 1380, e nwere ọtụtụ hypotheses. The yikarịrị ya-ewere dị ka onye n'okpuru nke nsọ image abụọ na narị abụọ na iri asaa na afọ, e wee na-mwere Cathedral Simonov obibi ndị mọnk nke ọ na e weere na e dere. Ọ bụ ya mere, ebe ọ bụ na akara ngosi dị abụọ-kwadoro, na na ya azụ e dere idaha nke mwere nke Nne nke Chineke na ndị nkịtị Orthodox Church mejupụtara ngwọta.

Icon - n'echebe Russia

Next egbuke egbuke onu nke icon, nke e natara site Dmitry Donskoi tupu Agha nke Kulikov, na-ezo aka 1552, mgbe, na-aga n'ime ya mmeri nkuzi megide Kazan Khanate, kpere ekpere tupu a icon Tsar Ivan ndị tara. Ebe jụrụ Eluigwe akwado ya patronage, o were ya na ya na image-ese ndị Theophanes Grik, bịaghachi na-etinye ya na Onyeisi Ndị Mmụọ Ozi Cathedral nke Kremlin. Esonyere akara ngosi nke eze, na mkpọsa megide Polotsk na 1563.

N'ihi ya, ọ dị ndị Queen nke Heaven, na ọrụ ebube image of "Anyị Lady nke Don" pụtara n'ihu ndị na Russia na ụfọdụ dị oké njọ agha ọnwụnwa, n'ịkụnye na ha obi ike ma na-agọzi ndị Orthodox agha. Ọ mere na 1591, mgbe mbụ Ocheeze bịakwutere ọtụtụ ìgwè nke Tatar Khan Kazi Giray II. Ugbua ebe elu nke Vorobyovy Hills, ha na-elegide eri anya nke Russian isi obodo, ma ndị bi na Moscow nwere e si na katidral Don akara ngosi nke Nne nke Chineke, na-eje ije na ya edikan mgbidi obodo, na ha na-aghọ keerughi na iro.

N'echi ya, on August 19, e gburu a egwu cross ngalaba agha Tatar Khan, na ya na remnants nke ya minions sonso ọbọhọ n'ụzọ ọrụ ebube laghachiri Crimea. All a Don akara ngosi nke Nne nke Chineke bụ na regimental chọọchị, na ọ dịghị onye nwere obi abụọ ọ bụla na ọ bụ ya intercession nyeere ụgbọala iro Russian ala.

Na ebe nchekwa nke oké mmeri na ebe ọ bụ n'oge Agha nke regimental ụka, tọrọ ntọala a ebe obibi ndị mọnk nke natara aha nke Don. N'ihi na nke a ọhụrụ ebe obibi ndị mọnk e mere a ndepụta na ọrụ ebube icon, nke nyere ya aha ya, ma n'otu oge ahụ ọ malitere ịchị ụbọchị vsetserkovnogo ememe - August 19 (September 1st). Kemgbe ahụ, anyị Lady nke Don na-asọpụrụ dị ka eluigwe nchebe nke Russian n'ala niile na-abịa ya na a mma agha.

King, pawn oj oo

Mgbe, na 1589, mgbe ọnwụ nke Tsar Fodora Ioannovicha - nke atọ nwa Ivana Groznogo, ama etre Rurik usoro ndị eze na Russia, na efu ocheeze wee Borisu Godunovu, ndị mbụ onyeisi ndị bishọp nke Moscow na All Russia , Job gọzie ya eze na nke a karịsịa icon. Otú ọ dị, Boris achị obi ụtọ. Ọ coincided na a oge siri ike nke Russian akụkọ ihe mere eme, dubbed the Time of oj oo.

Mgbe ọ nọrọ afọ asaa na isi nke a mba adọwa site ma mba ọzọ aka na esịtidem aghara, eze akpa ke 1605, tupu afọ nke iri ise na atọ na afọ. The na-ezu ike n'ebe ahụ nwụrụ anwụ Ọkaakaa bụ Kremlin nke Onyeisi Ndị Mmụọ Ozi Cathedral, ebe ya okuteili mwute elepụ anya site mgbidi ihu nke Don akara ngosi nke Nne nke Chineke, nke ọ bụ naanị na-adịbeghị anya, n'okpuru ekpegara ịkụ nke hey, ṅụụrụ ajọ iguzosi ike n'ihe na nna.

The mmalite ọchịchị nke Peter m

Ọ maara na na mmalite nke ọchịchị Peter m Russia na-alụ agha na Turkey, nke were afọ iri na anọ ma ghọọ akụkụ nke European Great Turkish War. Ọ malitere na nke mkpọsa nke Russian agha na Crimea. Ọ na-aga site na ya kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi enyi nke Ọkaakaa Prince Vasiliy Vasilevich Golitsyn.

Icon nke "Anyị Lady nke Don" so ya mgbe dum mkpọsa, nke ghọrọ maka Russia gbakee ma na-eri ya ọtụtụ tara. Ma intercession nke Nne nke Chineke, na-egosipụta ya site na ihe oyiyi ahụ e ịchekwa-ikwū-isi, nyeere Warriors, albeit na-arọ weere, ma na-alaghachi n'ụlọ, emecha ọrụ e kenyere ha site na sitere ibu ọrụ. The ikpeazụ afọ nke Asaa narị afọ n'ụzọ ọrụ ebube na image ẹkenịmde n'ime-ulo nile nke nwanne Peter m Natalia Alekseevna Tsarina, ebe ọtụtụ iri ihe oyiyi, na ebe ọ na ekemende kpọfere Annunciation Cathedral nke Kremlin na-anakọtara.

Akara aka nke ihe oyiyi ahụ dị XVIII na XIX ọtụtụ narị afọ.

Na XVIII na XIX ọtụtụ narị afọ, na akara ngosi na-eji na-ewu ewu efe. O kpere ekpere na dere okwu otuto. Ke adianade do, ama image na etiti nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na akụkọ ndị dị mkpirikpi, nke ụfọdụ n'ime egosipụta kpọmkwem ihe omume, nkọwa nke nke e sii akwụkwọ na isi mmalite, dị ka akụkụ nke mkpụrụ nke pụrụ ichetụ n'echiche nke ndị mmadụ, bụ onye chọrọ iji gosi na ha ịhụnanya na ekele Eluigwe Mediatrix.

The mma nke icon emeghị egbughị ego. Ọ maara na na Napoleon mbuso agha image kpuchie ya ọgaranya ụgwọ dị oké ọnụ ahịa na nkume. The nkume e zuru na French, na mgbe ha Ịchụpụ bụ naanị a gold etiti maka icon na looters chere na ọla kọpa.

Art atụmatụ oyiyi

Ọ na-e dere na bọọdụ sized 86h68 cm. Ekwu okwu nke iconographic image atụmatụ, ọ ga-ahụ kwuru na icon "Don Virgin" na-ezo aka a ụdị nakweere art Marian oyiyi "nro", nke bụ ihe e ji mara atụmatụ nke compound chere ihu Virgin na ya Ebighị Ebi Child. Ma nkà mmụta okpukpe uru pụta ụwa na akara ngosi nke ụdị karịrị nnọọ everyday Mpaghara, e sere a nne na nwa n'anya.

Na nke a na-egosi a visual okwu nkwenkwe okpukpe, nke na-akọwa mmekọrịta nke Onye Okike na Ya e kere eke. Akwụkwọ Nsọ na-ekwu okwu dị otú ahụ na-enweghị atụ ịhụnanya nke Chineke na ndị mmadụ na iji zọpụta ha ghara ịnwụ ọnwụ ebighị, o nyere Ọkpara ọ mụrụ naanị.

Special ememe mmasị ọgụgụ now furu efu a ọlaedo ndabere na nke e sere na Virgin na Child. Ọ bụghị ẹnịm ọma na gilding na kpuchie halos, ma dabara nke ọma, ihu na uwe nwere anwụghị na mma.

Compositional na agba oyiyi

Mejupụtara oyiyi nke a mkpebi pụtara ahụkarị nke ahụ akara ngosi nke a recension (mejupụtara iche). Virgin Mary hugs nwa ya nwoke nọ ọdụ ya n'apata na rapagidesiri ya ǹtì. Ebighị Ebi Child a kọwara vozdevshim n'aka nri ngọzi na aka-ekpe-ejide a n'akwụkwọ.

Icon Feofana Greka si dị iche ná ndị ọzọ oyiyi nke image recension ọtọ Bogomladentsa ụkwụ ikpere dabeere na a ekpe nkwojiaka Virgin. Ogige ekpuchi ya uwe ocher - uwe, mata network finely ọrụ gold edoghi, guzosie ike na njikọ na-akpa ákwà na agba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ accents ukwu na festive anya. Ọ complements n'ozuzu echiche nke gold lace, constricting akwụkwọ mpịakọta.

Dokwara mara na n'otu oge ahụ na a aka nke ama nọchiri anya vestments Virgin. Ya elu mantle - mafory - mere na ọchịchịrị udara agba na trimmed na gold ókè-ala, mma na ọnụ ọnụ. Atọ gold kpakpando, omenala na-eje ozi ya mma mma, bụ kpere ikwesi olu ike n'echiche. Ha na-anọchi anya ebighi-amaghị nwoke nke Nne nke Chineke - tupu, n'oge na mgbe a mụrụ Jizọs.

Deviations si Byzantine n'ụkpụrụ iwu

Ọ ga-kwuru na, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ, na-ese Feofan Grek (Byzantine si) na ọrụ ya karịrị ike na omenala nke ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Constantinople, nke bụ ndị nna ha ukwu na-ekwe ka ha na okike nwere emerụ n'ụkpụrụ iwu. Don icon Anyị Lady bu ihe atu.

Iji mee ka ihu Virgin ukwuu vitality na okwu artist na-enye ohere ụfọdụ asymmetry na ọnọdụ nke ọnụ na anya. Ha na-adịghị ẹbiet, ma ihe oyiyi nke Byzantine nna ukwu, na-emi odude na n'elu-ala anyu. Ke adianade do, ọnụ dịtụ dechapụ nri.

Ndị a yiri eleda nkọwa, na-eji na-ede akwụkwọ na a kpere oru nzube bụ, Otú ọ dị, a mebiri nke n'ụkpụrụ iwu guzosie ike site na Church of Constantinople na Byzantium e weere adịghị anakwere. Na ọtụtụ ihe atụ ndị na oyiyi na frescoes, nke Feofan Grek dere. "Anyị Lady nke Don" - bụ otu n'ime ha.

Agbara n'akụkụ nke icon

Oké mmasị bụkwa tụgharịa n'akụkụ nke osisi, nke na-egosi mwere - icon, dị ka e kwuru n'elu, duplex. Eserese na-echekwawo mma nke ukwuu karịa na ihu. O doro anya na ogugu ọbụna aghụghọ e dere zọputa vermilion. O nwere ike na-egwuri a ọrụ ke icon ozugbo mbụ ụgwọ, Milton site French na 1812, nke na-eje ozi dị ka a na-echetara nke naanị extant gold etiti maka akara ngosi.

Mgbe na-achọ ihe oyiyi nke pụtara ìhè enweghị ọcha omenala ka idaha. Master na-adịghị gụnyere ihe ndị mejupụtara nke mbụ dị otú ahụ ikpe, ihe oyiyi nke ndị mmụọ ozi, ọdọk ndịozi, na-eru újú ndị inyom na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ yiri àgwà. Central bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Jesus Christ na-ejide a obere zapelenovannuyu ọnụ ọgụgụ, na-anọchi anya ebighi-ebi mkpụrụ obi nke Virgin.

Tupu ọgụgụ nke Christ on a bed zuru ike efu foduru nke Virgin, gbara ya gburugburu na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndịozi iri na abụọ na abụọ bishọp - nọ ugbu a, dị ka Akwụkwọ Nsọ, na ọnwụ nke Virgin Mary. Ji akụkụ abụọ, nke bụ ngosipụta nke mgbakọ nakweere na iconography: ụlọ na-etinye na n'ọnụ nke na akara ngosi pụtara na a idaha ewe itie n'ime, na kandụl che n'iru bed nke Virgin Mary - ihe nnọchianya nke na-aṅacha ndụ.

The arụmụka n'elu chepụtara nke na akara ngosi

Ọ bụ ihe e ji mara na ihe ahụ e sere na agbara n'akụkụ nke icon, na-eburu a doro anya ndiiche si omenala nke Byzantine art. Nke a mbụ na-egosi ihu nke ndịozi, na-efunahụ e ji mara nke Constantinople omenala oké ozu atụmatụ. Dị ka ọ pụta ìhè n'ọrụ ya, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta nke Feofana Greka, ha na-esiwanye ji a kpere oru ugbo àgwà na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị nkịtị.

Ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na ọtụtụ iche iche nke ọrụ site Feofana Greka Byzantine n'ụkpụrụ iwu na nkà omenala kere a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-akatọ ajụjụ chepụtara nke ọrụ ekewet ya. Ha si ele ihe anya bụ ihe kwere nghọta, n'ihi na bịara n'ikperé mmiri nke Bosphorus artist bụghị naanị mụrụ, ma pụta dị ka a nna ukwu nke iconography - onye na-ekwesịghị ichefu na ya bịara Russia dị ka n'oge dị afọ iri atọ.

Ya brushwork bụ nso Novgorod akwụkwọ karịa ala nna ya Byzantine. Perennial ntụle isiokwu adịghị akwụsị a ụbọchị, ma ha adịkwaghị echiche na, ịbụ na a mba ọhụrụ ya na-enwe ohere na-ahụ ọtụtụ ochie oyiyi kere Russian nna ukwu, na-ese na-eji na-arụ ọrụ ha ji mara.

The kasị ama oyiri nke icon

Ọ maara na n'oge ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na akara ngosi na ya ọtụtụ anatara e mere. Ndị mbụ nke Mgbagwoju si na njedebe nke XIV narị afọ. Ọ na-emepụta site na iji nke a na nwa nwanne nna nke Dmitry Donskoy - Prince Vladimir Andreyevich, na mma na silver gilt ụgwọ ya onyinye nke Atọ n'Ime Otu-Sergius Lavra.

Na ugboro Ivana Groznogo ya iji e rụrụ abụọ anatara, otu onye nke na-zigara Kolomna, e mesịrị furu efu, na ndị ọzọ, enịm ke mwere Cathedral, ẹnịm ta. Mgbe igwe-echebe na 1591 nyeere ndị bi na Moscow na-egosipụta mbuso agha nke Khan Giray, na ntụpọ ebe guzo na regimental ụka e tọrọ ntọala Donskoy Obibi, mgbe ahụ, ya mere ọzọ ndepụta nke ọrụ ebube image. E nwekwara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ a gasịrị oge.

Donskoy Obibi adreesị na obodo iga tiketi

Soviet oge ghọrọ ọhụrụ ogbo na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Don Nne nke Chineke. Ebe ọ bụ na 1919, a na ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-esịne ke collection nke Tretyakov Gallery. Ebe ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama ngosi ngalaba nke Old Russian sere. Otu ugboro n'afọ, n'ụbọchị nke ya vsetserkovnogo ememe, oyiyi anapụta ndị Donskoy Obibi (okwu :. Moscow, Don Square 1-3), ebe tupu ọ na-ewe ebe ahụ ukwu efe ofufe adịghị, nke na-eweta ọnụ puku mmadụ. Onye ọ bụla, ịbụ n'oge a na Moscow, chọrọ na-akụkụ na ya, nwere ike nweta n'ime ndị nọn ahụ, pụta ụzọ ọdụ ụgbọ oloko Shabolovskaya.

Ọ bụ ya mere na nke a bụ onyinyo nke agọzi Virgin arụ ịhụnanya pụrụ iche site na ndị Russia. Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, ọ bụ ofụri akụkọ ihe mere eme e kwuwo na feats nke ogwe aka nke na-agbachitere nke nna, na site na ya na Queen nke Eluigwe bụ ugboro ugboro Orthodox Ludu enyemaka na intercession.