Ghent Altarpiece: The Story nke ebe ịchụàjà na picture

Katidral nke Saint Bavo ke Belgium obodo nke Ghent bụ ụwa na-ama ekele ya ịchụàjà - kasị ukwuu masterpiece nke n'oge Renaissance sere nke oge, mmejuputa iwu-nke Flemish artist Yanom Van Åke. Esịnede iri-na-anọ ogwe e sere na narị abụọ na iri ise na asatọ mmadụ ọgụgụ, Ghent Altarpiece banyere ụwa nke nkà akụkọ ihe mere dị ka otu nke kasị ukwuu ọrụ nke ya oge.

ụmụnna ese

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ghent Altarpiece malitere na 1417, mgbe ndị bara ọgaranya bi n'obodo Ghent Jos Veidt nyere iwu ya ụmụnne ya abụọ - artists Hubert na Yanu Van Eykam - n'ụlọ ya uka, nke mesịrị ghọọ ihe kasị nsọ katidral Bova, ebe masterpiece bụ ugbu a. Site akwụkwọ anyị maara na ndị ahịa ya na nwunye ya Isabella Borlyut O biri ndụ ogologo ndụ ọnụ, nọgidere n'amụtaghị nwa, ma, ebe ọ maara na-ekpe ekpere maka Zuru mgbe ọnwụ mkpụrụ obi ha ga-adị onye ọ bụla na-agbalị ka na-anọghị nke ndị dị otú a na-emesapụ aka onyinye nke ekpere.

Dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme na nkà akụkọ ihe mere eme, nwoke nke okenye - Hubert - ọ abuana ke naanị ya n'oge ogbo, ya mere, chepụtara nke nnukwu size ọrụ ekewet fọrọ nke nta nanị na nwanne ya nke nta Ian. Ozi banyere ya ndụ kama aka ntagide. Ọ maara na a mụrụ ya n'obodo Maaseik na Northern Netherlands, ma kpọmkwem ụbọchị nke ya biographers akpọ a ọnwụ, ikwere nanị na ọ pụrụ ime eme na ihe 1385-1390 afọ.

Jan van Eyck, a onwe-Eserese nke na-dị ná mmalite nke isiokwu, na-amụ sere na ya nwoke tọrọ Hubert na-arụ ọrụ na ya ruo mgbe ọnwụ ya na 1426. Ya abara mara na n'etiti ndị ya na ha dịkọrọ ndụ, ọ na-amasị nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye nke kasị mma nka, ma anyị nwere ike na-ekpe ikpe banyere ọrụ ya, n'ihi na onye ọ bụla nke ha ka dịkwa ka nke a ụbọchị. Ma John, ya talent e ji kpọrọ ọgaranya patrons nke oge - Duke nke Burgundy Philip II, onye kere ya ya ikpe na-ese na emeghị skimp na-emesapụ aka ụgwọ. Nke Life Jan van Eyck, dị ka ụfọdụ na isi mmalite, na 1441, na ndị ọzọ - na 1442-m. Ọ bụ ya na jụrụ Jos Veidt ịchọ ime ọtụtụ ihe ọma maka ala nna ya Ghent.

Jan van Eyck: The Ghent altarpiece. nkọwa

Ebe ịchụàjà, na ajụjụ, bụ a polyptych, ya bụ a nnukwu ịkpakọba, esịnede iche iche ogwe, na-ese na abụọ. The imewe na-enye ohere ị na-emeso ya dị ka ihe na-emeghe ma ọ bụ mechiri emechi ụdị. Ya ngụkọta elu bụ hà atọ na ọkara, na obosara - ise mita. Nke a nnukwu Ọdịdị ji karịa a ton.

Mpaghara e sere na ebe ịchụàjà nke dị na nku na Central òkè-ya nile, na a usoro nke na Akwụkwọ Nsọ Mpaghara, na ụdị nke ha na-asugharia site na ndị Katọlik. Ọ na-egosi n'ihu na-ege ntị a usoro nke eserese Old and New Testament, malite na Adam na-agwụcha na ọdịda nke ọnwụ ịchụ àjà na Ofufe dịịrị Nwa Atụrụ ahụ. The n'ozuzu mejupụtara gụnyere nwekwara a nnọọ ezi uche mere osise ahịa ya na nwunye ya.

Ghent Altarpiece, a foto nke a na-e kwuru n'isiokwu a, bụ a nnọọ mgbagwoju Ọdịdị. Na ya elu akụkụ bụ isi nke a na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Chineke Nna, na-anọdụ n'ocheeze ahụ. On ya a-acha odo odo uwe-nwuda-nchu-àjà na papal tiara. Na gold rịbọn chọọ obi, i nwere ike na-agụ okwu "ụsụụ ndị agha" - bụ aha nke Chineke, Onye Okike nke eluigwe na ala. On ma akụkụ ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ nke Virgin Mary na Ioanna Krestitelya. More mmụọ ozi na-e sere na otu larịị,-akpọ ngwá egwú, na n'ikpeazụ, na n'ọnụ - ịgba ọtọ ọgụgụ nke Adam na Iv.

Na na ala nke a idaha nke ofufe nke Nsọ Nwa Atụrụ ahụ, na-anọchi anya Jizọs Kraịst. Ya n'akụkụ anọ na-eduzi usoro, esịnede ma na Akwụkwọ Nsọ odide, na nke ndị nsọ, nye Chineke otuto mgbe e mesịrị oge. N'etiti ha bụ ndị thinly veiled ọgụgụ nke ndị amụma, ndịozi, nwụrụ n'ihi okwukwe, na ọbụna na-ede uri Virgil. Side flaps nke ala n'usoro na-kpuchie ihe oyiyi nke processions ndi nsọ.

image ezi uche na-agụ akụkọ

Ghent Altarpiece, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe e kere eke nke na-ejikọta ya na onwe iji, ọdịnala ndị afọ wee na ha ogwe na oyiyi nke ndị mmadụ, onye ego na ọ e kere. Ndị a bụ osise nke Jos Veidt na nwunye ya Isabella Borlyut dere na ndị dị otú ahụ a n'ụzọ na-ekiri na-ahụ ha nanị mgbe flaps na-emechi. Ma ihe oyiyi, n'ihi na nke ahụ, ndị ọzọ nke iberibe na-ji egbu nsiridi na-ahapụ doro anya na nke a bụ a Eserese atụmatụ nke ndị dị ndụ.

Ọ ga-kwuru na na ọlu nile nke Jan van Eyck, na ha maara ugbu a ihe karịrị otu narị afọ, na-abia scrupulous ntị zuru ezu, karịsịa kwesiri ngosi na reproductions mere iji makrofoto. Ghent Altarpiece na nwere ike ije ozi dị ka ihe atụ doro anya. Ọ suffices tụlee ọgụgụ nke Ioanna Krestitelya, iji jide n'aka na akwụkwọ ọ na-esetịpụ n'aka-ya, e depụtara n'ụzọ zuru ezu na nke na ọ na-adị mfe ime ka si mkpụrụ akwụkwọ dị iche na ya na peeji nke. Ọ maara na onye na-ese mgbe nwanne ya nwoke nwụrụ afọ iri na isii wee na-nụchaa na-arụkọ onye iberibe Ghent Altarpiece kere ya (1426-1442). Jan van Eyck, ọrụ a mere ka a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị kasị mma ese nke ya oge.

History, unmatched

Ghent Altarpiece Yana Van Eyck nwere a akụkọ na isiokwu nke ike gbapụ otu ikpọ show. The na-eme nnyocha gua na ihe karịrị narị isii akụkọ masterpiece na ya iri na atọ mpụ e jikọtara. Ọ dịghị nnọọ dọtịrị, na nzuzo, gherekwa exported, ha nọ na-agbalị na-ere, inye, ọkụ na-ewe ezigbo. Ọ gosipụtawo na ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na caching. Ma eke ga nwere ya, mgbe niile ordeals nke dị gburugburu ya wanderings ibu dịpụrụ adịpụ ya nwaafo Ghent, ebe ọ na-anọgide na a ụbọchị.

Age of n'agha okpukpe

Ozugbo 1432, ọrụ na ebe ịchụàjà a okokụre, ọ nọrọ iri-na-asatọ na afọ bụ na udo, na-akpọte inwe mmetụta okpukpe nke ọgbakọ. Ma na 1460, a obere na siburu udo Flanders ghọrọ idaha na ọbara agha n'etiti ndị Katọlik na ndị Protestant, banye a na-agawanye mgba.

Victory na agha a merie ndị Protestant, nke ahụ bụ nke mbụ njọ ule maka ebe ịchụàjà. Nke bụ eziokwu bụ, na-eso ụzọ nke Calvin - agụsi iconoclasts, na akada obodo, ha malitere obi ọjọọ ibibi Catholic ụka, na-ebibi ihe niile oyiyi okpukpe, gụnyere osise na ihe ọkpụkpụ. Ebe ịchụàjà zoputara nani na a kagburu na oge na mgbe tucked efep na katidral ụlọ elu, n'ebe e debere ya ruo afọ atọ.

Mgbe ájá biri, na imebisị-efegharị efegharị talatara, na mmeri hụrụ, n'ikpeazụ, Ghent Altarpiece, na setịpụrụ na-enye ya ka Queen Elizabeth na ekele maka British agha enyemaka. Site amanye mbata na ọpụpụ relic zoputara nani site na eziokwu na ndị nketa Jos Veidt ndị akpa bụghị naanị ndị Katọlik ma na-n'etiti okpukpe ha na-emegide.

Esiri ya ezigbo ike, ha na-enwe ike igbochi nke a ego. Na England ebe ịchụàjà na-aga, ma na-edebe ya na Cathedral nke okpukpe Calvin na-agaghị ekwe. N'ihi ya, a ikwere e ruru - disassembled n'ime iche iche iberibe, ọ bụ a collection of eserese, mma ụlọ ezumezu obodo, nke maka ya bụ ihe kasị mma nhọrọ, dị ka ọ na-ana achi achi na nchekwa.

Na 1581 na Ghent ọzọ malitere ọbara n'ihi okpukpe, ma, oge ndị agha ọma gbanwere Protestant. N'ụzọ dị iche na Northern Netherlands, Flanders ghọrọ a Catholic. Site na nke a omume Ghent Altarpiece Yana Van Eyck bụ azụ na ebe. Nke a na oge ya enyero maka narị afọ abụọ, ma ọ bụghị gara Gent gaa na Europe, ndị Austrian Emperor Joseph II.

kparịa ọcha

Nke a na iri anọ na afọ, ma ọ bụghị nwoke a ọ bụ a egwu mụụrụ na a ihu abụọ. Ya obi umeala ama ofụt ele ịgba ọtọ ọgụgụ nke Adam na Iv. Ghara emebi mmekọahụ ndị dị otú ahụ a elu-moralist, eke n'úkwù na-adịghị mma oyiyi kagburu ya nye ga-edebe n'ụlọ ndị nketa nke mbụ nwe.

Site n'ụzọ, na-achọ ndị dị n'ihu, ọ ga-ahụ kwuru na ọbụna a dịtụ warara kpọrọ oge anyị, na 1865, e nwere otu ihe mmeri nke omume ọma n'etiti ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị elu. Na ya arịrịọ gara aga image nke Adam na Iv dochie ndị ọhụrụ, bụ ebe ndị mbụ ụmụ mmadụ nna nna chọrọ mma yi ụfọdụ jọgburu skins, dị ka a na-agba.

N'agha nke Napoleon

The ọzọ mishap inọ Ghent Altarpiece na 1792. Na-kwadoro mgbe na Napoleon agha unceremoniously kagburu ya na akụkụ e zigara Paris, ebe ha na-egosi na Louvre. Ịhụ ha, ha, Napoleon obi ụtọ na chọrọ nwere a zuru ezu set.

Otú ọ dị, n'oge a na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọnọdụ gbanwere, na-agha ná mba ọzọ niile na dọtara, ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Mgbe ahụ, ọ kpọrọ ndị ọchịchị nke Ghent, n'ọnọdụ efu akụkụ nke ebe ịchụàjà a ole na ole eserese Rubens, ma e kweghị ya. Ọ bụ mkpebi ziri ezi, dị ka 1815, mgbe ọdịda nke Napoleon, Ezuru akụkụ nke ebe ịchụàjà laghachi ya n'ọnọdụ kwesịrị ke Katidral nke Saint Bavo.

Sin katidral ụkọchukwu

Ma nke a bụ ya bụ ọdachi akwụsịghị n'ebe ahụ. New kwalite ha site Nnọchianya katidral. Nke a bụ n'ụzọ doro anya a cleric nwere nsogbu na-asatọ Chineke nyere n'iwu, nke na-ekwu: "I gaghi-ezu ohi." Nwaa, o zuru a akụkụ nke ogwe na-ere ha ochie dealer Nivenhosu, nke ọnụ na mkpoko Sallie resold ha na Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III, nakwa ọ laghị azụ itinye zuru ngwongwo ya Kaiser Muzeum.

Ná mmalite nke mbụ World Germany banyere Belgium, malitere search maka ndị fọdụrụ akụkụ nke ebe ịchụàjà nke Ghent. Ọ dabara nke ọma, na-zubere ohi gbochiri ndị so na Katidral nke St. Bavo van den Gein. Na ya anọ na-enyere aka na ọ kagburu Ghent Altarpiece na mgbe tucked efep ke a mma ebe nzuzo, ebe ọ na-edebe ruo 1918. Mgbe agha, dabere na ọnọdụ nke Versailles Treaty, e laghachi ya n'ọnọdụ kwesịrị, na ndị mbụ zuru nsọpụrụ, zụtara King of Prussia.

irreparable ọnwụ

Ma, ọ bụghị mgbe niile njem biri ka obi ụtọ na-. Ọzọ na-ezu ohi mere na 1934. Mgbe ahụ okụrede n'okpuru omimi ọnọdụ nku ịchụàjà na onyinyo nke edikan nke ndị ezi omume ikpe. Ọ mere na April 11, mgbe asaa na ọkara ọnwa nke asọpụrụ obibi nke Ghent Arsène Kudertir, dina n'ọnụ ọnwụ, na kwuputa na ọ bụ ya bụ onye mere izu ohi, na ọbụna nwere ebe a na-ezo zuru. Otú ọ dị, nke a cache tọgbọ chakoo. Chọta na ọnwụ na-emezughị, na efu akụkụ anya, e dochie a oyiri mere site artist van der Fekenom.

Na verge nke ọnwụ

Ma ndị kasị ufiop oge nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ejikọrọ na afọ nke abụọ World War. Onye Belgium fascists chọrọ na-ewetara Hitler ezigbo show. Mgbe ụfọdụ echiche, e kpebiri inye onye masterpiece, nke a chọrọ mma obodo ha Jan van Eyck. Ghent Altarpiece ọzọ kagburu na e site ụgbọala na France, ebe O debere maka oge ụfọdụ na nnukwu ụlọ nke Pau.

Ugbua na September 1942, ndị German High Command gosipụtara ndidi ma choro iji gbanari nyefe ha ebe ịchụàjà. N'ihi nke a, ọ na-e ka Paris, ebe n'oge ahụ e dechara na a nnukwu ogbe nke ngosi nka ụkpụrụ, zubere maka Mbupu na Germany. Otu n'ime ihe ndị gosiri anyị na-zubere maka Hitler ngosi nka na Linz, na ndị ọzọ na - na onye collection of Goering. Ebe ịchụàjà nwekwara e bufere Bavaria na enịm ke Neuschwanstein Castle.

N'ebe ahụ, ọ nọrọ ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke agha, mgbe ke 1945 German iwu e kpebiri na-eli ozu nke art akụ na hapụrụ mines nke Salzburg. N'ihi nke a, crates na ọrụ nkà, n'etiti ha ndị bụ nke Ghent Altarpiece, ndị zoro miri na nzuzo. Otú ọ dị, na mmiri, mgbe ida nke Alaeze Ukwu nke Atọ ghọrọ apụghị izere ezere, ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Rosenberg natara ka ha na mbibi.

Akara aka nke ọtụtụ narị masterpieces kpebiri a nkeji ole na ole tupu gbawara, mgbe, ebe nọrọ a amamiihe ọrụ, ndị m Austrian weghaara agha okpuru. Ruru ha heroism zọpụta ọtụtụ eserese ochie nke nna ukwu, otu nke bụ brainchild nke artist site na aha Jan van Eyck. Ghent Altarpiece, n'ụzọ ọrụ ebube lanarị ọnwụ, e me ka Munich na mgbe ahụ wee n'ụlọ ya dị na Ghent. Otú ọ dị, ya n'ọnọdụ kwesịrị ke Katidral nke Saint Bavo, na O were naanị iri afọ anọ ka e mesịrị, na 1986.

City Museum

Naa dịtụ obere size of Belgium obodo nke Ghent ekele aha ukwu abụọ nka - Charles de Coster, onye dere, sị ya adịghị anwụ anwụ "Ruo Eulenspiegel" na Yana Van Eyck, onye kere Ghent Altarpiece. Description nke kasị ukwuu nka uru ya ngwaahịa nwere ike dị na niile guidebooks.

Gent, onye ruo mgbe XVI na narị afọ, nke abụọ kasị ukwuu mgbe Paris, European obodo, taa ka furu efu mbụ ya mkpa. Ndị bi na ya bụ naanị 240 puku. Man. Ya mere Belgians gbalịa ịhụ na a otu ebe onyinyo nke obodo ngosi nka, na ha mụta iwu nke ama ọkọbọhọde afọ niile na ihe ize ndụ nke ebe ịchụàjà, nakwa dị ka ọrụ site nka nke dị iche iche eras na ngosi na City Museum of Fine Arts.